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EN
The article summarizes the theoretical aspects of ethical marketing as a modern tool for forming partnerships with bank customers. The hypothesis is substantiated that it is possible to restore the lost trust of clients to banking institutions only on the basis of an individual approach built on the principles of ethical marketing. The place and role of ethical marketing in the system of the company's holistic marketing is specified. The state of application of marketing tools by banks that operate on the Ukrainian market is analyzed. It is proved that at present the marketing concept dominates, within which the main efforts of banks are directed to price stimulation of banking products. To prevent situations of unethical behavior of banks in relation to customers, a classification of ethical marketing risks that arise in the process of interaction of customers with a banking institution is proposed.
EN
Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MGCFA) demonstrated the deficiency of the four original European Commission (EC) items for consumer confidence. Fit of the MGCFA model was unacceptable and without scalar invariance, index comparison between study periods was not permissible. This provided clear motivation for a plausible alternative index specification to comply with requirements for single-dimensionality and meaning invariance throughout the study period. The MGCFA model using a new set of items demonstrated partial metric and partial scalar invariance. Using the structural equation framework, consumer confidence was revealed as strongly interrelated with unemployment forecast and durable goods purchase.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę głównych cech wskaźnika zaufania konsumentów (CCI) w odniesieniu do stóp zwrotu z rynku papierów wartościowych dla 11 nowych państw członkowskich UE. Zaproponowano nowe wagi dla wskaźnika CCI, minimalizując średnie błędy kwadratowe z równań regresji, używając opóźnień CCI jako regresorów. Biorąc pod uwagę otrzymane wagi „optymalne”, badane kraje zostały zgrupowane w mikro‑ i makro‑zorientowane klastry. Zaobserwowano dużą zmianę wag będącą efektem niedawnej recesji. Aspekty mikro (odzwierciedlające efekt bogactwa) poważnie tracą na znaczeniu w czasie kryzysu a nastroje makroekonomiczne konsumentów zyskują na znaczeniu i stają się osobnym kanałem transmisji.
EN
This paper analyses the leading characteristics of the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI) with respect to stock market returns for 11 New EU Member States. It proposes novel CCI weights by minimizing mean squared errors from regression forecasting equations, using CCI lags as regressors. With regards to the obtained “optimal” weights, the examined countries are grouped into micro‑ and macro‑oriented clusters. A strong shift is found in the weights due to the recent recession. The micro aspects (reflecting the wealth effect) severely lose their importance in the crisis, while the consumers’ macroeconomic sentiments grow in significance and constitute a separate transmission channel.
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