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1
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English in Korean – Konglish

100%
Oleksiuk M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2017
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vol. 6
119-126
EN
Korean is spoken by around 75 million individuals in South Korea, North Korea, China, Japan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Russia. The relationship between Korean and other languages is not precisely known; however, several etymologists believe it to be an individual tongue from the Altaic group of languages. Human mobility and access to global information cause the interaction between one language and another, thus giving the possibility of loanwords in the native language. The Korean language is also the type of language in which many loanwords can be found. In Korean there are numerous loanwords from English. Nowadays the young Korean generation use Konglish, which is an Interlanguage consisting of English and Korean words. Konglish contains Korean lexical items with English loanwords nativized into Korean. English words used in daily conversation, advertising, and entertainment are included and seen as fashionable. However, usage of this type can frequently give rise to misunderstandings due to issues of sentence structure or vocabulary.
2
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Pop(lingwo)kultura – lingwistyka kontaktowa jako kolaż dyscyplin

100%
Hofmański W.
Postscriptum Polonistyczne
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2015
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issue 1(15)
28-44
EN
The aim of the article is to present the so-called contact linguistics, namely, a synthetic discipline which aims at analyses of issues that used to be the separate discourses of sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic or glottodidactics. The article discusses the very foundation of this discipline and its position within academic linguistics (especially the Slavonic one). Additionally, a thorough reflection on terms, contexts and purposes connected with critical analysis of teaching content is offered.
3
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Language Contact and the Linguistic Prehistory of the Central Ande

100%
Urban M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2019
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vol. 8
205-213
EN
The Central Andes of Peru and Bolivia belong to those areas of the world whose linguistic landscape has been shaped decisively by language contact. Scholars have long recognized the intricate similarities between the Quechuan and Aymaran languages, and the consensus view is to attribute these to convergence arising from long periods of stable bilingualism in prehistory. As more recent research shows, also the languages of Northern Peru were shaped by language contact before their extinction. As a result, contact effects need to be taken into account as a general factor in studies of the linguistic history and prehistory of the Central Andes since without them crucial aspects of the lexical and grammatical structure of Central Andean languages cannot be properly understood. Thus, language contact constitutes a privileged and overarching point of access to understanding the linguistic prehistory of the region as a whole.
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Bilingualism in Malta: Preferences and Attitudes of Maltese University Students

100%
Chrzanowska N.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2020
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vol. 10
91-110
EN
Malta is a small European island with over 440,000 citizens inhabiting the area of 316 square kilometers. Despite the geographical restriction, Malta has a highly interesting linguistic situation. Throughout the centuries, Malta was conquered and inhabited by numerous nations.In consequence, Maltese developed in the situations of constant language contact, which is traceable in the sounds recalling Arabic as well as the weaving of Italian and English phrases (Brincat 2006). The characteristic language contact situation is pending: since 1964 Malta has both Maltese and English as its official languages. Considering that Maltese does not have plenty of speakers and is not a widely spread language, it could be assumed that the present linguistic tendency on the island, especially among the young, would lean towards the usage of the current global language, which is English. Such a tendency among the young generation would imply the beginning of an end for the Maltese language. Nevertheless, the questionnaire conducted among a group of students of the University of Malta indicates that there is no such threat. All of the respondents point to Maltese as their native language and use it on a daily basis when talking with friends, family members and doctors. English is mostly used when counting, reading scholarly papers or watching TV. Interestingly enough, Italian, which was an official language of Malta till 1934, is still quite popular among the young. As far as the attitudes are concerned, English is considered as highly useful but inferior to Maltese.Knowledge of the language is thought to be significant for numerous reasons, yet it does not make the person speaking it more educated or intelligent as it used to. The researched group is small; however, it indicates some general tendencies in the area, which should be further researched.
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Raport o turkijskim albo chińskim pochodzeniu słowiańskiego *slonъ ‘słoń’

88%
Stachowski M.
Rocznik Slawistyczny
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2015
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vol. 64
115-122
EN
Max Vasmer was the first to derive Slavic *slonъ ‘elephant’ from the Turkic word a(r)slan ‘lion’. Despite sporadic rival proposals, this etymology has gained general acceptance. In 1977 V.V. Ivanov suggested a Chinese etymon for the Slavic word, but his attempt had remained unanswered for more than thirty years. In 2011, A. Vovin joined the discussion and voiced his support for the Chinese alternative. The present author discusses both the Turkic and the Chinese threads and attempts to evaluate their value for further etymological research.
6
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Altertümliche Termini der rumänischen Viehzucht slavischer Herkunft

88%
Leschber C.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2019
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vol. 54
EN
Archaic Animal Husbandry Terminology of Slavic Origin in the Romanian LanguageThis article analyses a number of Romanian dialectal words and expressions associated with: (1) coat colours of farm animals, like ‘black’, ‘pied’, ‘spotted white’, ‘piebald’ and ‘light brown’; and (2) different types of sheep earmarks. The study indicates that many archaic terms used to denote these meanings are Slavic in origin. In some cases, the very phonetics of the Romanian words in question proves beyond doubt that they are early borrowings from the Proto-Slavic language.Archaiczna rumuńska terminologia hodowlana pochodzenia słowiańskiegoArtykuł poddaje analizie szereg dialektalnych rumuńskich słów i wyrażeń oznaczających (1) maści zwierząt hodowlanych, np. ‘czarna’, ‘pstra’, ‘biała nakrapiana’, ‘łaciata’, ‘jasnobrązowa’ oraz (2) rodzajów piętn na uszach owiec. Archaiczne terminy używane na określenie tych znaczeń w rumuńskich dialektach mają nierzadko pochodzenie słowiańskie. W niektórych przypadkach już sama fonetyka rozpatrywanego słowa bezspornie dowodzi, że jest ono wczesną pożyczką z języka prasłowiańskiego.
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Word-Final Obstruent Devoicing in Maltese: Inherited, Internal Development or Contact-Induced?

75%
Avram A. A.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2017
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vol. 6
23-37
EN
Maltese is a peripheral dialect of Arabic heavily influenced by Sicilian and Italian (see e.g. Krier 1976). Maltese is believed by some to be an offshoot of Sicilian Arabic, but this is subject to debate in the literature (see Isserlin 1977; Brincat 1995; Agius 1996; La Rosa 2014; Avram forthcoming). A characteristic of Maltese phonology is the devoicing of obstruents in word-final position (Cohen 1966; Borg 1975, 1997b). The present paper looks into the possible origins of this phonological rule, i.e. whether it may have been inherited from Sicilian Arabic, whether it is the outcome of an internal development or whether it is a change triggered by contact with Sicilian and Italian. The evidence examined includes transcriptions of personal names and place-names in Greek and Latin documents (see e.g. Cusa 1868; Caracausi 1983; Avram 2012, 2016, forthcoming), the earliest texts in Maltese, and early Arabic loanwords in Sicilian (De Gregorio & Seybold 1903). Also discussed are insights provided by research on language contacts (see e.g. Thomason & Kaufman 1988) and on second language phonology (see e.g. Flege & Davidian 1984; Fullana & Mora 2009). It is suggested that, as in other peripheral dialects of Arabic, word-final obstruent devoicing in Maltese is a contact-induced change.
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Rozważania nad genezą prasłowiańskiego apelatywu *smokъ

75%
Witczak K. T.
Rocznik Slawistyczny
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2016
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vol. 65
101-115
EN
The Proto-Slavic term for ‘dragon, big winged snake’, *smokъ, cannot be explained on the basis of the native, purely Slavic vocabulary of Indo-European origin. It was suggested many years ago that the noun in question has been borrowed from a foreign source. The old hypothesis by Słuszkiewicz (1958: 211–214), according to which the Slavs borrowed it from a Germanic source (e.g. OE. snaca m. ‘snake’, E. snake ‘id.’, LG. Schnake m. ‘grass-snake’), specifi cally a Scandinavian one (see Nw. snåk m. ‘snake, viper’, Sw. snok, Dan. snog ‘id.’ < Gmc. *snēkaz m.), should be rejected for morphological and phonological reasons. The author suggests a new etymology, according to which PSl. *smokъ represents an Iranian borrowing (from Iran. *sušnaka- ‘dragon, winged snake’ via Sarmatian). The Indo-Iranian lexical data seem to confi rm this hypothesis, cf. Vedic (RV) śúṣṇa- m. ‘a serpentine demon slain by Indra’ (originally *ćúšna- ‘hisser’ in Indo- Iranian); Shughni sāɣ̌(d) f., Bajui sāw f., Roshani sāw f., Khufi sāw f., Bartangi sāwn f. ‘a big snake (in folklore), dragon’ < Iran. *sušnā- (Morgenstierne 1974: 72–73).
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Najnowsze metodologie badawcze w lingwistyce kontaktu i automatyczna ekscerpcja anglicyzmów

63%
Witalisz A.
Język Polski
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2022
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vol. 102
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issue 2
5-22
PL
Artykuł przybliża najnowsze metodologie badawcze stosowane w analizie i opisie obcych zapożyczeń językowych, takie jak badania oparte na uzusie i eksperymentalne, jak też badania korpusowe, włączające automatyczną identyfikację i ekscerpcję niezasymilowanych zapożyczeń właściwych. Pierwsze dwa typy analizy są odpowiedzią na nowe w lingwistyce kontaktu spojrzenie na proces zapożyczania jako akt społeczny, w którym główną rolę, często świadomą, pełnią użytkownicy języka biorcy oraz ich potrzeby nominatywne i ekspresywne. Badanie tych potrzeb jest także możliwe dzięki obszernym korpusom elektronicznym, wyposażonym w najnowsze narzędzia przetwarzania danych językowych, umożliwiających analizę zapożyczeń w autentycznych kontekstach. Przedstawione metodologie, czerpiące z onomazjologiczno-kognitywnych założeń teoretycznych w badaniu zapożyczeń oraz przyjmujące perspektywę socjopragmatyczną, pozwalają analizować te obszary, które w studiach strukturalno-systemowych były pomijane bądź niemożliwe do zbadania.
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The paper presents the newest research methodologies used in the analysis and description of foreign lexical loans, such as the usage-based approach, experimental set-ups, as well as corpus-assisted research that includes automatic identification and excerption of unassimilated loanwords. The usage-based approach and experimental design spring from the revised perception of linguistic borrowing in contact linguistics, seen now as a social act, in which the recipient language speakers play the main role by fulfilling their nominal and expressive needs through conscious lexical choices. This type of research is also possible due to large electronic corpora equipped with the latest data processing tools that enable the analysis of borrowed material in authentic contexts. Rooted in the onomasiological-cognitive theoretical background and assuming a socio-pragmatic perspective, the presented methodologies allow for the analysis of those areas within linguistic borrowing that in structural and systemic research were neglected or unanalysable.
10
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Rozważania nad genezą prasłowiańskiego apelatywu *smokъ

63%
Witczak K. T.
Rocznik Slawistyczny
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2016
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issue LXV
11
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Knapik, Aleksandra R., Piotr P. Chruszczewski (2023) Kreolingwistyka w zarysie. Językowo-kulturowe mechanizmy przetrwania, rozwoju i dezintegracji. Seria: Beyond Language Vol. 8., San Diego, CA: Academic Publishing; ss. 301

51%
Giwojno P.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2023
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issue 19
373-376
EN
The authors of the book are focused on the field of creolinguistics: a relatively new but rapidly developing domain of science located within the frameworks of anthropological linguistics. The main aim of the book is to describe thoroughly the location of creolinguistics, in general, from the viewpoint of anthropological linguistics, and in particular, analyzing the key concepts and entire methodological apparatus used by creolinguists. In the first chapters, an outline focused on a new taxonomy of linguistic anthropology is proposed with a particular place given to creolinguistics. In the following chapters, a precise study of the main components of creolinguistics, as well as its theoretical background and numerous references to practical examples are given. Finally, in a broad section, an extensive list of the literature focused on creolinguistics, as well as three types of indexes are delivered. All in all, the comprehensive knowledge contained within, broadly explained with numerous references to real life examples and vivid language, makes this book an excellent academic work which may be used by both processional linguists and students interested in broadening their horizons. Moreover, equally important is the fact that this is the first academic book focused on creolinguistics fully in Polish which makes it both a unique and fundamental work for further generations of linguists.
12
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O tožské češtině

51%
Hrdlička M. H.
Bohemistyka
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2017
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issue 4
383-389
EN
In today’s corpus era, linguists most often work with real language material,  with written or spoken texts. Based on the knowledge of the national language development it is also possible to reconstruct unpreserved or fragmentary historical forms of morphology etc. It is also interesting to try to predict a virtual outcome of mutual language effect of various languages that did not take place due to political reasons. In the 1920s, it was considered that the newly established independent Czechoslovakia (1918) would get a former German colony in Togo as a war reparation. This text looks at the hypothetical form of Togolese Czech that could have been formed by the contact of the local native languages, German and Czech as the incoming colonial language. 
CS
Lingvisté pracují v současné korpusové éře nejčastěji s reálným řečovým materiálem, s psanými nebo mluvenými texty. Na základě poznatků o vývoji národního jazyka je ale možné rekonstruovat i nedochované nebo neúplné historické podoby jeho morfologických forem aj. Je také zajímavé pokusit se o prognózu virtuálního výsledku vzájemného působení různorodých jazyků, který se z politických důvodů nerealizovalo. Ve 20. letech 20. století se uvažovalo o tom, že nové samostatné Československo (1918) by mohlo získat jako válečnou reparaci bývalou německou kolonii Togo. V textu jde o hypotetickou podobu tožské češtiny, která by se utvářela na základě kontaktu tamních domorodých jazyků, němčiny a češtiny jako nastupujícího koloniální jazyka.
13
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Entlehnungen im Deutschen (Übersicht)

51%
Halytska O., Bondar T.
Language. Culture. Politics. International Journal
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2018
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vol. 1/2018
75-85
DE
Im Artikel werden die Entwicklungstendenzen in der deutschen Gegenwartssprache erörtert. Nach einer Einführung in die kontaktlinguistischen Konzepte werden wir uns mit den Entlehnungen im Deutschen beschäftigen. Der Schwerpunkt wird dabei auf dem Einfluss von Anglizismen bzw. Angloamerikanismen im Deutschen liegen. Der Beitrag greift Argumente der immer wieder neu entfachten öffentlichen Diskussion um die Zukunft der deutschen Sprache auf und versucht anhand der Begriffe «Denglisch / Engleutsch», «Globalesisch», «Biodeutsch» Aspekte zu thematisieren, die bei dieser Diskussion manchmal vernachlässigt werden. Die Gefahr der Überfremdung des Deutschen besteht nicht. Verfasserinnen des Artikels heben die Bedeutsamkeit für die Vermittlung des Deutschen als Fremdsprache hervor.
EN
The article deals with borrowings in German which are integrated into the system of the German language. The issue is discussed in two steps: firstly, by looking to the past, and secondly, by examining the current situation in consideration of contact linguistics. One of the main courses of borrowings is language contacts, which resulted in mixed forms of the language. Other reasons for borrowings were also discovered: the superior power of the neighbour and the prestige of the language. Borrowings mirror the cultural history. The objective of this paper is to analyse the language contacts between German and English (Germeng, Globish). German scientists speak English at conferences and the majority of them now publish their scientific papers in English. International students (University Vechta, 2017) find the use of English borrowings advantageous. English facilitates the establishment of connections. Nowadays due to globalization, such areas as business and communication technology switched over to English. Borrowings are assimilated into the system of the German language at different levels (in semantics, phonology, morphology, and spelling). In our opinion, a word can only be borrowed into German if there are no German equivalents. Our purpose, however, is to discuss the future of the German language in which English is prevailing. Several studies have been recently published on this issue. The authors of this article are not pessimistic about the future of German. Germany is largely multilingual. The authors regard the active development of the present-day German as a natural and inevitable process.
PL
W artykule wyświetlono stan i osiągnięcia lingwistyki zagranicznej co do tendencji rozwoju współczesnego języka niemieckiego z pozycji wpływu anglicyzmów/angło-amerykanizmów. Wyniki przeglądu doprowadzili do pewnego przeszacowania dostępnych danych o zapożyczeniach z języków obcych w język niemiecki, biorąc pod uwagę wymagania wielojęzycznej i multikulturalnej Europy. Nie chodzi o powtarzaniu, a o dalszych badaniach naukowych, ponieważ niektóre pytania pozostają dyskusyjnуmi i kontrowersyjne przedstawionymi we współczesnym językoznawstwie. Badanie prowadzi się z pozycji lingwistyki kontaktowej, w kierunku jej międzybranżowej integracji, synteza w procesie badania aspektów treści różnych kategorij: lingwistycznego, socjologicznego, politycznego, etnologicznego, psychologicznego, geograficznego i antropologicznego. Autorki tego artykułu akcentują aktualność środków językokulturalnego skierowywania, szczególnie do usunięcia nadużyć zbędnymi anglo-amerykanizmami, które czasami doprowadzą do destrukcji w realizacji funkcjonalnych celów i zadań. Pytanie "bioniemiecki", oczywiście, należy do strategicznych pytań germanistyki. Autorki artykułu wszczęły polemikę co do perspektyw istnienia języka niemieckiego pod kątem globalizacji. Zapożyczenia obcojęzyczne należy używać, gdy w języku niemieckim nie ma adekwatnego odpowiednika tego słowa.
14

Raport o turkijskim albo chińskim pochodzeniu słowiańskiego *slonъ ‘słoń’

51%
Rocznik Slawistyczny
|
2015
|
issue LXIV
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