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Attributions in High and Low Willingness to Communicate in L2

100%
Piechurska-Kuciel E.
Anglica Wratislaviensia
|
2014
|
issue 52
129 - 146
EN
“Attributions” make up a psychological process that allows the individual to interpret and understand the behavior of others. As such, attributions refer to communicative behavior, enabling us to explain and understand the diversity of meanings given to communicative acts. Foreign language learners’ attributions regarding communication in L2 may be shaped by their willingness to communicate (WTC) in that language. The participants in this study were 609 secondary grammar school students. The results demonstrated that high levels of L2 WTC allow for responsible, internally driven, and stable behavior, firmly grounded in the student’s self-confidence. Learners willing to communicate in L2 demonstrate an unfaltering belief in their own abilities, and can take control of their own learning and fully rely on their hard work, irrespective of the hardships of the FL process. They are able to adapt to new challenges and new resources — a fact that makes them valuable assets to modern society. Conversely, students with low L2 WTC levels display serious maladaptive behaviors. They are not only convinced of their inferior abilities, but also reject investing more effort into their language learning processes. In effect, their self-confidence is extremely low, while their lack of volitional control makes them victims of blind fate governed by an FL context that they cannot understand or countenance. Ultimately it is very hard for them to adapt to new challenges, possibly resulting in fewer chances for success in adulthood.
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Wpływ wybranych cech osobowości na przebieg i wyniki porównywania śladów daktyloskopijnych

67%
Ignaszak M.
Problemy Kryminalistyki
|
2020
|
issue 310
5-16
EN
Forensic experts in the field of fingerprint examination are prone to cognitive errors that can affect the opinion issuing process. A study was conducted to determine if students exhibiting certain intensities of two personality traits: the need for cognitive closure and controllability, have a predisposition to be better fingerprint examination experts compared to others. The study consisted of three stages: completion of personality questionnaires, training in fingerprint examination, and finally a fingerprint examination – related task. The task was appropriately staged to introduce cognitive illusions, led by which, the subjects were more likely to give incorrect answers. No significant correlation was found between the studied characteristics and correctness, biases, caution, and decisiveness in the task performed. The subjects were significantly more likely to give incorrect answers. There was a positive correlation of time with the number of correct answers. A significant positive correlation was also observed between the preference of order and caution in task performance. The results obtained can be used in typing individuals who will perform better at comparing fingerprints.
PL
Eksperci kryminalistyki z zakresu daktyloskopii są podatni na błędy poznawcze, które mogą wpływać na proces wydawania opinii. Przeprowadzono badanie, aby sprawdzić, czy studenci z pewnym natężeniem dwóch cech osobowości: potrzeby poznawczego domknięcia oraz sterowności, mają predyspozycje pozwalające im być lepszymi daktyloskopami w porównaniu z innymi osobami. Badanie złożone było z trzech etapów: wypełnienia kwestionariuszy osobowości, szkolenia z zakresu badań śladów daktyloskopijnych, a na koniec z zadania związanego z tą tematyką. W zadaniu odpowiednio manipulowano jego treścią, aby wprowadzić złudzenia poznawcze, przez które osoby badane miały częściej udzielać błędnych odpowiedzi. Nie stwierdzono istotnej korelacji między badanymi cechami a poprawnością, błędami, ostrożnością oraz stanowczością w wykonanym zadaniu. Probanci znacznie częściej udzielali błędnych odpowiedzi. Wykazano pozytywną korelację dodatnią czasu z liczbą poprawnych odpowiedzi w zadaniu. Zauważono także istotną korelację dodatnią między preferowaniem porządku a ostrożnością w wykonywaniu zadania. Otrzymane wyniki mogą posłużyć w typowaniu osób, które lepiej będą porównywać ślady daktyloskopijne.
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