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Partial protection from organophosphate-induced cholinesterase inhibition by metyrapone treatment

100%
Świercz R., Lutz P., Gralewicz S., Grzelińska Z., Piasecka-Zelga J., Wąsowicz W.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2013
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vol. 26
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issue 4
636-646
EN
Background: Organophosphates are cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors with worldwide use as insecticides. Stress response, evidenced by a dramatic and relatively long-lasting (several hours) rise in the plasma glucocorticoid concentration is an integral element of the organophosphate (OP) poisoning symptomatology. In rodents, corticosterone (CORT) is the main glucocorticoid. There are several reports suggesting a relationship between the stressor-induced rise in CORT concentraion (the CORT response) and the activity of the cerebral and peripheral ChE. Thus, it seems reasonable to presume that, in OP intoxication, the rise in plasma CORT concentration may somehow affect the magnitude of the OP-induced ChE inhibition. Metyrapone (MET) [2-methyl-1,2-di(pyridin-3-yl)propan-1-one] blocks CORT synthesis by inhibiting steoid 11β-hydroxylase, thereby preventing the CORT response. Chlorfenvinphos (CVP) [2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) ethenyl diethyl phosphate] is an organophosphate insecticide still in use in some countries. Material and Methods: The purose of the present work was to compare the CVP-induced effects - the rise of the plasma CORT concentration and the reduction in ChE activity - in MET-treated and MET-untreated rats. Chlorfenvinphos was administered once at 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg i.p. Metyrapone, at 100 mg/kg i.p., was administered five times, at 24-h intervals. The first MET dose was given two hours before CVP. Conclusion: The following was observed in the MET-treated rats: i) no rise in plasma CORT concentration after the CVP administration, ii) a reduced inhibition and a faster restitution of blood and brain ChE activities. The results suggest that MET treatment may confer significant protection against at least some effects of OP poisoning. The likely mechanism of the protective MET action has been discussed.
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Neuroendocrine and behavioral response to amphetamine challenge after exposure to an organophosphorus pesticide

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Gralewicz S., Lutz P., Świercz R., Grzelińska Z., Wiaderna D.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2011
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vol. 24
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issue 3
283-291
EN
Objectives: Exposure to various stressors is known to result in sensitization to psychostimulants, a state related to the psychostimulant dependence and addiction. It has been shown in some studies that the rise in corticosterone (CORT) concentration is indispensable for both the induction and the expression of behavioral sensitization. Therefore, it might be suspected that behavioral hyposensitivity to amphetamine (AMPH) is somehow related to a reduced CORT response to the psychostimulant subsequent to the chlorphenvinphos (CVP) intoxication. Materials and Methods: The male adult Wistar rats received single i.p. injections of CVP at the doses 0.5, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg b.w., or pure corn oil. CORT concentration was determined in samples of blood drawn from the tail vein before and then 30, 60, 180 min and 24 h after injection. The other rats were divided into two groups and tested, three weeks after the CVP injection for the effect of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) on the serum CORT concentration. In addition, behavioral sensitivity to AMPH was assessed by measuring locomotor activity of the animals in an open-field. Results: 1) The stressor property of CVP was confirmed. The injection resulted in up to tenfold increase in the serum CORT concentration. The magnitude and duration of this response were dose-related. 2) Three weeks after the CVP exposure, the CORT response to AMPH was significantly increased. 3) The behavioral response to the psychostimulant, i.e. augmented locomotion, was significantly reduced compared to the control. Conclusions: The results confirm that CVP exposure causes behavioral hyposensitivity to AMPH. This effect, however, could not be ascribed to a diminished CORT response.
3
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Plasma thyroid hormones and corticosterone levels in blood of chicken embryos and post hatch chickens exposed during incubation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field

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Pawlak K., Sechman A., Nieckarz Z.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2014
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vol. 27
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issue 1
114-122
EN
Introduction: This study attempted to determine the effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) (only carrier frequency) on thyroxine (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃) and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in the blood plasma of chick embryos, and to investigate the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure during embryogenesis on the level of these hormones in birds that are ready for slaughter. Material and Methods: Throughout the incubation period, embryos from the experimental group were exposed to a 1800 MHz EMF with power density of 0.1 W/m², 10 times during 24 h for 4 min. Blood samples were collected to determine T₄, T₃ and CORT concentrations on the 12th (E12) and 18th (E18) day of incubation, from newly hatched chicks (D1) and from birds ready for slaughter (D42). Results: The experiment showed that T₄ and T₃ concentrations decreased markedly and CORT levels increased in the embryos and in the newly hatched chicks exposed to EMF during embryogenesis. However, no changes were found in the level of the analyzed hormones in the birds ready for slaughter. Differences in T₄ and T₃ plasma concentrations between the EMF-exposed group and the embryos incubated without additional EMF were the highest in the newly hatched chicks, which may be indicative of the cumulative effect of electromagnetic field on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). Discussion: The obtained results suggest that additional 1800 MHz radio frequency electromagnetic field inhibits function of HPT axis, however, it stimulates hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal axis by inducing adrenal steroidogenic cells to synthesize corticosterone. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which radio EMFs affect HPT and HPA axis function in the chicken embryos.
4
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The effect of mixed herb extract on selected stress parameters in broiler chickens of three genetic lines

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Skomorucha I., Sosnówka-Czajka E.
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae
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2018
EN
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding a mixture of anti-stress herbs to drinking water on stress hormone levels and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio in the blood of intensively reared broiler chickens of three genetic lines. The experiment was performed with ‘Ross 308’, ‘Cobb 500’ and ‘Hubbard Flex’ broiler chickens, which were divided into three experimental groups. Birds were maintained on litter for 42 days at a stocking density less than 33 kg/m2. All the groups were provided with the same environmental and feeding conditions. In each group from 21 to 35 days of rearing, water drinkers were supplemented for 5 h/day (08:00–13:00 hours) with an alcoholic extract from mixed herbs (30% chamomile, 10% oregano, 10% yarrow, 10% knotgrass, 10% valerian, 20% inflorescence of large-leaved lime) at 2 ml/l water. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of rearing, blood was collected from 10 birds per group to determine corticosterone, noradrenaline and adrenaline levels. The heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H:L) was also calculated. On day 42 of the study, 500 broiler chickens were characterised by the lowest noradrenaline concentration and a lower H:L ratio compared to ‘Ross 308’ and ‘Hubbard Flex’ (p ≤ 0.05) and ‘Ross 308’ chickens (p ≤ 0.01), respectively. It was concluded from the study that the herb extract had the most favourable effect on relieving the body’s physiological response to stress, and thus on improving welfare in ‘Cobb 500’ compared to ‘Ross 308’ and ‘Hubbard Flex’ broilers. It can therefore be considered that active substances in herbs have varying effects on the body of broiler chickens of different origin.
5
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The effects of 1-methylnaphthalene after inhalation exposure on the serum corticosterone levels in rats

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Świercz R., Stępnik M.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2020
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vol. 33
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issue 5
691-699
EN
ObjectivesThis paper reports on the trend of the stressogenic stimulus caused by a repeated exposure to 1-methylnaphthalene (1-MN) vapors at the nominal concentrations of 0 mg/m3 (the control restrainer), 50 mg/m3 or 200 mg/m3 in the nose-only inhalation system, by analyzing the serum corticosterone (CORT) levels in rats.Material and MethodsThree groups of rats were exposed in restrainers to 1-MN vapors at the nominal concentrations of 0 mg/m3, 50 mg/m3 or 200 mg/m3 for 5 days. One control group of animals spent all the time during the experiment in an individually ventilated plastic cage. The serum CORT concentrations were determined in all 4 groups of the rats. The blood samples drawn from the tail vein were collected every day after termination of the 6-h exposure. On the fifth day, blood samples were collected 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1 h, and 3 h after termination of the 6-h exposure.ResultsOn the fifth day of the study, no statistically significant changes in body weights between all groups of animals were found. After 5 days of the observation, increased food intake in the control groups was noted. Significantly higher CORT concentrations in the rats exposed to 1-MN at 200 mg/m3 and in the animals from the control restrainer were found, comparing to the animals exposed to 1-MN at 50 mg/m3 and the animals from the control cage.ConclusionsThe application of 6-h restraining induced high concentrations of the stress hormone, CORT, in the blood of rats. The short-term exposure of rats to 1-MN non-linearly reduced the restraint stress measured with CORT concentration.
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