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Mińkowce – podolski Hamlet i święto dożynek

100%

Komorowski J.

Pamiętnik Teatralny

2017

vol. 66

issue 4(264)

5-28

Mińkowce, a town in the far-away Podolia, became a part of history of the Polish theatre as the place where the first Polish edition of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, as translated by Jan Nepomucen Kamieński based on Friedrich Ludwig Schröder’s adaptation, was published in 1805. Since 1790, Mińkowice, along with an expansive landed estate of 20 villages, had been owned by Ignacy Ścibor Marchocki. The estate owner chose not to acknowledge the partitions of Poland and established his own “Mińkowice state” sometime after 1795, strongly emphasising its independence from the Russian Empire; he even set up his own boundary markers. He released his peasants from the bond of personal serfdom and laid down laws in the spirit of the Enlightenment; he founded a school, printer, and “music academy.” At the same time, Marchocki flaunted his power and role of “the protector of the people” with extravagant ceremonies, which earned him the reputation of an eccentric or even madman. In reality, just like in Hamlet’s case, it was probably Marchocki’s way of concealing his real intentions from Russian civil officers and neighbours disapproving of social reform. Marchocki established two “state” holidays in his landed estate, the New Year and harvest festival, which was held on 15 August, on the Feast of St Mary the Virgin. The latter was a religious feast combined with a grand, all-day-long spectacle put on by Marchocki for 30 consecutive years according to an increasingly complex and theatrical scenario. As years went by, the basic scheme (a procession after the Mass, a feast in front of an outdoor altar, symbolic ploughing, an apotheosis of the goddess of harvest) became more and more elaborate. Pieces of occasional architecture and stage set, special costumes, and props appeared. A tribute to a personified goddess of harvest was the final and part of the feast. Eyewitnesses started calling the personified goddess by the Roman name of Ceres, which brought onto Marchocki absurd accusations of paganism and idolatry, which, however, did not make him budge, as he kept organising the unusual celebrations until the end of his life.

Mińkowce: Podolski «Hamlet» i święto dożynek

75%

Komorowski J.

Pamiętnik Teatralny

2017

vol. 66

issue 4

5-28

Mińkowce, a town in the far-away Podolia, became a part of history of the Polish theater as the place where the first Polish edition of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, as translated by Jan Nepomucen Kamieński based on Friedrich Ludwig Schröder’s adaptation, was published in 1805. Since 1790, Mińkowice, along with an expansive landed estate of 20 villages, had been owned by Ignacy Ścibor Marchocki. The estate owner chose not to acknowledge the partitions of Poland and established his own “Mińkowice state” sometime after 1795, strongly emphasising its independence from the Russian Empire; he even set up his own boundary markers. He released his peasants from the bond of personal serfdom and laid down laws in the spirit of the Enlightenment; he founded a school, printer, and “music academy.” At the same time, Marchocki flaunted his power and role of “the protector of the people” with extravagant ceremonies, which earned him the reputation of an eccentric or even madman. In reality, just like in Hamlet’s case, it was probably Marchocki’s way of concealing his real intentions from Russian civil officers and neighbours disapproving of social reform. Marchocki established two “state” holidays in his landed estate, the New Year and harvest festival, which was held on 15 August, on the Feast of St Mary the Virgin. The latter was a religious feast combined with a grand, all-day-long spectacle put on by Marchocki for 30 consecutive years according to an increasingly complex and theatrical scenario. As years went by, the basic scheme (a procession after the Mass, a feast in front of an outdoor altar, symbolic ploughing, an apotheosis of the goddess of harvest) became more and more elaborate. Pieces of occasional architecture and stage set, special costumes, and props appeared. A tribute to a personified goddess of harvest was the final and part of the feast. Eyewitnesses started calling the personified goddess by the Roman name of Ceres, which brought onto Marchocki absurd accusations of paganism and idolatry, which, however, did not make him budge, as he kept organising the unusual celebrations until the end of his life.

Mińkowice, miasteczko na dalekim Podolu, zapisało się w historii polskiego teatru jako miejsce, w którym w 1805 roku ukazało się pierwsze polskie wydanie Hamleta Shakespeare’a w przekładzie Jana Nepomucena Kamieńskiego na podstawie adaptacji Friedricha Ludwiga Schrödera. Od 1790 Mińkowice wraz z rozległym majątkiem ziemskim liczącym 20 wsi były własnością Ignacego Ścibora Marchockiego. Właściciel majątku nie uznał rozbiorów Polski i po 1795 utworzył własne „państwo mińkowickie”, silnie podkreślając jego niezależność od Rosji; wyznaczył nawet własne granice. Zniósł pańszczyznę i ustanowił prawa w duchu oświecenia; założył szkołę, drukarnię i „Akademię Muzykalną”. Jednocześnie Marchocki eksponował swoją władzę i rolę „obrońcy ludu”, ustanawiając ekstrawaganckie ceremonie, przez co zyskał opinię oryginała, a nawet szaleńca. W rzeczywistości, podobnie jak w przypadku Hamleta, był to prawdopodobnie sposób Marchockiego na ukrycie swoich prawdziwych intencji przed rosyjskimi urzędnikami cywilnymi i sąsiadami niechętnymi reformom społecznym. Marchocki ustanowił w swoich dobrach ziemskich dwie uroczystości „państwowe” – Nowy Rok i dożynki, które odbywały się 15 sierpnia, w święto Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny. To ostatnie było świętem religijnym połączonym z wielkim, całodziennym widowiskiem, które Marchocki przez trzydzieści kolejnych lat organizował według coraz bardziej skomplikowanego scenariusza. Z biegiem lat podstawowy schemat (procesja po mszy, uczta przed plenerowym ołtarzem, symboliczna orka, apoteoza bogini żniw) stawał się coraz bardziej rozbudowany. Wykorzystywane były elementy okolicznościowej architektury i scenografii, tworzono specjalne kostiumy i rekwizyty. Hołd złożony spersonifikowanej bogini żniw był ostatnią częścią święta. Naoczni świadkowie zaczęli nazywać spersonifikowaną boginię rzymskim imieniem Cerery, co ściągnęło na Marchockiego absurdalne oskarżenia o pogaństwo i bałwochwalstwo, które jednak nie skłoniły go do ustąpienia i do końca życia organizował te niezwykłe uroczystości.

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Mińkowce – podolski Hamlet i święto dożynek

Mińkowce: Podolski «Hamlet» i święto dożynek