The article describes the issue of the ban on judgements to the disadvantage of the claimant during the proceedings related to reservations about the post-audit statement (reformationis in peius). Once the arguments presented by the parties in the dispute have been analysed, two opposing views can be identified. According to the first view, the ban should be respected during the adjudicating committee proceedings, because the ban on judging to the disadvantage of the claimant is the basis for all fair proceedings. Whereas in accordance with the opposing view, the ban on reformationis in peius should not be applied in proceedings related to reservations, as it is not openly set forth in the Act on the Supreme Audit Office, and its application may lead to distorted audit results.
The article is devoted to the issue of protection of the witness’s personal liberty in the context of conditionings, that influence the shape and the scope of its protection in criminal proceedings. The author takes into consideration procedural status of witness and fact that personal liberty, as the fundamental human right of the contemporary man, should not be the subject of unjustified and excessive infringement, to solve this complex problem. The article concerns both social and legal conditionings that determine the way of defining the personal liberty concept and the scope of observance personal liberty in criminal proceedings. A part of the article focuses on the presentation of conditionings that arise from constitutional and conventional standard and from characteristics, goal and structure of criminal proceedings. The author also verifies standards mentioned above in the context of legal regulations related to the infringements of personal liberty such as detention and enforced appearance and arrest. As a result, author notes practical shortcomings of the regulations in question and outlines also recommended solutions.
This contribution deals with the low number of punishments imposed confiscating the property of those convicted. One of the hypotheses for this given below may relate to the alleged legal risks of the interference with the rights of third parties, mainly creditors. The contribution shows that the Slovak legal system provides both sufficient legal certainty and the tools to avoid such a conflict. In the paper the authors present the issue of creditor protection and the imposition of sanctions on the assets and liabilities owned by debtors in the context of legal regulations in force in the Slovak Republic. Moreover, it will acquaint the reader with dispositions of the fundamental legal act regulating Slovak criminal proceedings – the Code of Criminal Procedure. The article was prepared within the context of an interdepartmental research project (No APVV-15-0740) funded by the Slovak Research and Development Agency. The outcomes achieved as a result of the research have been the subject of many discussions in the international legal community and several research papers (published not only in Slovak Republic) have been dedicated to them. This article, written by employees of Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, is a continuation of the analytical assessment of the result of the research connected with the problem of creditor protection of and support of debt collection proceedings by the Slovak judicial system. The entire article is based on interpretations of juridical proceeding, parts of which focus on the issue of investigation of due compensation to creditors.
The paper deals with a national risk assessment. The subject of the risk assessment is money laundering and terrorism financing. This is the first time it has been conducted in the Slovak republic. The contribution shows what are the decisive criteria in evaluating the national system of anti-money laundering and terrorism financing. The first variable that needs to be taken in account is measures examining the legal framework. The second variable is the institutional framework. The competency of personnel represents the third variable. The infrastructure creates the fourth variable in order to prevent, avoid and respond to such a threat. The other variables are strongly related to the effectiveness of the sanctions. The infrastructure belongs to the other variables. The contribution deals also with data sources and lists those that should be used as a source for further evaluation. The outcome of the NRA will be a comprehensive report.
In the 1970s, the burden of fighting the openly organised opposition fell on the security apparatus, though in special circumstances the authorities also resorted to criminal law and sanctions in attacking this opposition. The trials of Jan Kozłowski, an activist in the independent peasant movement, are a good illustration of the fact that it was possible to harass a political opponent at any stage of criminal proceedings.
PL
W latach siedemdziesiątych XX w. ciężar walki z jawną zorganizowaną opozycją spoczywał na aparacie bezpieczeństwa, w szczególnych okolicznościach władza jednak sięgała także po sankcje karne. Procesy Jana Kozłowskiego, działacza niezależnego ruchu chłopskiego, stanowią dobrą ilustrację tego, że na każdym etapie postępowania karnego możliwe było szykanowanie przeciwnika politycznego.
The principle of openness, or transparency, being one of the guiding principles in criminal proceedings, is realised mainly during the first instance hearing. The amendment to the Code of Criminal Procedure of 10 June 2016 introduced two model changes in this respect. The article is devoted to the discussion of these changes. The first one concerns the decision to hear a case in camera. The prosecutor has been granted the right to object to the exclusion of a public hearing, which is binding on the court. This regulation raises constitutional concerns because it undermines the constitutional right to a fair trial. A disclosure should be decided on by an impartial and independent court, acting as an independent state body best placed to resolve conflicting values. The second fundamental change is the establishment of an audiovisual registration of the course of the hearing by representatives of the mass media. The court must allow them to hear the trial whenever they so request. In this respect, the removal of the condition of respect for the important interest of the party involved in the criminal proceedings was analysed and assessed negatively. The extension of the transparency of the main hearing, however, was generally given a positive assessment.
PL
Zasada jawności, jako jedna z naczelnych zasad procesu karnego, jest realizowana przede wszystkim na rozprawie głównej. Ustawa nowelizacyjna do Kodeksu postępowania karnego z 10 czerwca 2016 r. wprowadziła w tym zakresie zmiany modelowe. Artykuł został poświęcony omówieniu tych zmian. Pierwsza z nich dotyczy wyłączenia jawności rozprawy. Ustawodawca przyznał prokuratorowi prawo do wyrażenia sprzeciwu wobec wyłączenia jawności rozprawy, przy czym taki sprzeciw jest wiążący dla sądu. Ta regulacja wzbudza zastrzeżenia o charakterze konstytucyjnym, ponieważ godzi w konstytucyjne prawo do sprawiedliwego rozstrzygnięcia sprawy przez sąd. O wyłączeniu jawności powinien decydować bezstronny i niezależny sąd, jako niezawisły organ państwowy najlepiej predestynowany do rozstrzygania kolidujących wartości. Druga zasadnicza zmiana polega na ustanowieniu jako reguły rejestracji audiowizualnej przebiegu rozprawy przez przedstawicieli środków społecznego przekazu. Sąd ma obowiązek dopuścić ich do rozprawy w każdym przypadku, w którym o to się zwrócą. W tym zakresie krytycznej analizie poddano usunięcie warunku poszanowania ważnego interesu uczestnika postępowania karnego. Zasadniczo poddano natomiast pozytywnej ocenie rozszerzenie zakresu jawności rozprawy głównej.
The paper deals with analysis of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters and its various institutes, subjects and basic principles. It defines the relationship between international and national law, and internal and external sovereignty of the state. It refers to the difference between international criminal law and internationalized criminal law. It states that the objectives to pursue international legal assistance in criminal matters, are the same as those of criminal law at all.
SK
Príspevok sa zaoberá analýzou medzinárodnej justičnej spolupráce v trestných veciach a jej rôznymi inštitútmi, subjektami a základnými zásadami a princípmi. Definuje vzťah medzi medzinárodným a vnútroštátnym právom a vnútornou a vonkajšou zvrchovanosťou štátu. Poukazuje na rozdiel medzi medzinárodným trestným právom a zmedzinárodneným trestným právom. Uvádza, že ciele sledované prostredníctvom medzinárodnej právnej pomoci v trestných veciach sú v podstate rovnaké ako ciele trestného práva vôbec.
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