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EN
Local government units resort to external repayable sources of financing their own activity, mainly those connected with investments, when the financial sources they have at their disposal are insufficient. However, owing to an unfavorable financial situation, some of them lose their creditworthiness because their debts exceed the legal limit. In such a situation, they decide to use the so-called unconventional instruments, which, although they provide certain long-term benefits, in a longer time perspective lead to negative consequences, connected mainly with diminished financial liquidity and the necessity to bear inflated costs of debt service. The aim of the paper is to present the reasons for using unconventional instruments of financing budget needs by decision-makers, as well as their specific character and economic effects, particularly as regards the financial stability and security of LGUs, the transparency of local finances and the related hazards. The achievement of this aim required analysis of the literature devoted to the subject, reports of controlling institutions and statistical data regarding the debt level of LGUs.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza propozycji zmian limitu zadłużenia z art. 216 ust. 5 Konstytucji RP. Konstytucjonalizacja powyższego ograniczenia budziła wiele obaw i wątpliwości, które powróciły wraz z wybuchem epidemii wirusa COVID-19 oraz inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę w 2022. W toczącej się w ostatnich latach debacie proponowano m.in. podwyższenie powyższej wartości referencyjnej długu do 90% PKB, czy nieuwzględnianie przy obliczaniu wartości państwowego długu publicznego pożyczek, gwarancji i poręczeń finansowych służących finansowaniu potrzeb obronnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Podejmując się oceny zaproponowanych zmian autor w pierwszej kolejności omawia ratio legis przedmiotowej reguły fiskalnej oraz problematykę jej stosowania w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych zagrożeń. Dokonana analiza pozwala na stwierdzenie, że niewątpliwie konstytucyjny limit zadłużenia wymaga nowelizacji jednakże przedłożone propozycje zmian nie rozwiązują istoty problemu i tym samym nie zasługują na uwzględnienie.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyse proposed amendments to the debt limit from Article 216(5) of the Polish Constitution. The constitutionalization of the above limit raised many concerns and doubts, which returned in times the COVID-19 virus and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In the ongoing debate in recent years, it was proposed to raise reference value of debt to 90% of GDP or to exclude defence spending from the rigour of the constitutional rule. Undertaking an assessment of the proposed amendments the author first discusses the ratio legis of the fiscal rule and the problem of its application in extraordinary situations. The analysis allows the conclusion that undoubtedly the constitutional debt limit should be amended, however the above proposals do not solve the essence of the problem and thus do not deserve to be taken into account.
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