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PL
Fathers are important characters in the three controversies (declamations in form of fictional court speeches) analysed this article: in V declamation the father speaks against the son, demands from him financial support in poverty and old age (in one part of the declamation he even begs for his help); in VI declamation the speaker is also the father who is litigating with his wife about their deceased son’s right to be buried (the wife does not give her consent to the funeral because, according to her, the son had left her to rescue his father from pirates’ captivity); however, in XVII declamation the one who speaks is the son who is defending himself against his father’s accusations of him trying to commit patricide. The fathers presented in those declamations are characterized by some traits of personality resulting from the plot of each declamation, and are lead by certain motives of behaviour, which are love, kindness, respect, sympathy towards family members or reluctance or even hatred towards them. Simultaneously, in each of these pieces, the portraits of those fathers, emphasise dominating legal and economic position of fathers in families, their influence on upbringing and educating the children and on the family’s everyday life. This way of constructing the figure of the father in declamations resulted from the fact that those speaking exercises were performed by young Romans, who were to play the role of fathers (patres familias) in their future families. Working on the attitudes of the fathers in extreme and overstressed situations, young declaimers practiced making and justifying decisions regarding family members, public speaking in the role of fathers. What is also not out of the question is that the possibility of playing out the role of fathers or the possibility of publicly speaking against fathers (in both cases fathers could be presented in negative light) were a kind of safety valves allowing young Romans to give vent to frustrations evolving from their big dependence on the authority of fathers in real life.
PL
The text outlines how the concept of pietas understood as unreserved reverence of sons towards their fathers was incorporated into the repertory of school declamations that in the Roman education system made the main means of modelling the social attitudes of younger generations.
EN
Cultural and educational work in NULES of Ukraine has fruitful influence on the formation of future social teachers’ preparedness to deal with leisure activity. The favorable conditions are created at the University with the purpose of individual and professional qualities improvement; theatrical, vocal and musical gifts perfection and physical development.
EN
This study analyses Klicpera’s dubium, a parodic sermon based on similarities between Christ’s suffering and the processing of barley in beer production. The primary aim is to show how a genre that begins by parodying scripture gradually transforms into a declamatory text, which functions in the culture of the Czech national movement mainly as light reading but also aims to homogenize the Czech national community. Furthermore, the study shows numerous thematic parallels in foreign literatures which may serve (mainly within the world imagined by Klicpera’s text) as very interesting comparative materials. Attached to the study is a critically verified edition of Klicpera’s text.
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