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EN
The author of the article on the basis of analysis of the poem “Neophyte” by Taras Shevchenko and Soviet textbooks, characterized the images of the heroes in the poem “Neophyte” and clarified their interpretation in history of literary education of designated days. We revealed that the main Shevchenko’s hero’s feature is the ability to deed, high elevation of feelings that focuses the emotionality of the highest quality and all that was fundamental in understanding of real Kobzar’s human been. It was shown that in the hero images of the poem “Neophyte” we can see the mystery of the relationship between the spiritual freedom of the individual and the Creator as its primary source, and the glorification of heroism performed in the name of Christ. We showed that the poet exalted spiritual feat of neophytes and Alkid’s nameless mother that after the death of her son carried the word of Christ to people. The image of the mother is deeply symbolic because it embodied grief, purpose and destiny of Ukraine. It was noted that Great Kobzar emphasized not only main characters of the poem and depicted how the teachings of the Lord spread between people, but also bequeathed the Christian truth to Ukraine. It was established that the ideologists of the totalitarian regime understood the pedagogical potential of Taras Shevchenko’s works and that is why in Soviet textbooks all was shown in distorted and not real interpretation and all that was actively used for propaganda. The conclusion was made: the creative heritage of the poet was distorted and got tendentious interpretation in Ukrainian literature textbooks of Soviet era. The domination of totalitarian ideologies did all that possible. Materialist philosophy leveled the spiritual world of the individual and main characters of the poem (the embodiment of spiritual liberation of the individual) received in critical articles of Soviet literators interpretation that served the aims of the USSR and that help to train the “new” man type – an atheist, that can do any heroic action if the state will need it from a man. The author determined that further analysis should be prolonged on images of national heroes in Shevchenko’s poem “Haydamaky” and their interpretation in Soviet school textbooks.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł porusza wybrane kwestie problematyki odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej notariusza w świetle ustawy z dnia 14 lutego 1991 r. – Prawo o notariacie. W artykule, przedstawiono główne aspekty związane z postępowaniem dyscyplinarnym, jak też sądownictwem dyscyplinarnym. Rozważania prezentowane w artykule dotyczą również statusu notariusza, jego pozycji wśród przedstawicieli zawodów prawniczych. Całość artykułu wzbogacona została o literaturę przedmiotu oraz współczesne orzecznictwo.
EN
This article addresses selected issues of the disciplinary liability of a notary in the light of the Act of February 14, 1991 – Law on Notaries. The article presents the main aspects related to disciplinary proceedings as well as disciplinary jurisdiction. The considerations presented in the article also concern the status of a notary public, his position among representatives of the legal profession. The entire article has been enriched with the literature on the subject and contemporary jurisprudence.
EN
This paper discusses the theoretical assumptions behind the conception of the logic of faith and deed (LF&D) and outlines its formal-axiomatic frame and its method of construction, which enable us to understand it as a kind of deductive science. The paper is divided into several sections, starting with the logical analysis of the ambiguous terms of ‚faith’ and ‚action’, and focusing in particular on the concepts of religious faith and deed as a type of conscious activity relating to a matter or matters of social importance. After outlining the main ideas and basic assumptions of the theoretical conception of the LF&D as an axiomatic theory, the author introduces some axiom systems for: 1) the logics of faith LF (doxastic logics), 2) the logic of deed LD, and 3) certain logics of norms DL (deontic logics) connected with „duties” and concerning actions/deeds. Lastly, the paper outlines the scientific LF&D based on the three types of logic 1)–3).
EN
The article polemicizes with those findings in the history of literature that situate Norwid’s output within the Romantic movement, especially conclusions drawn by Zofia Stefanowska, Zofia Trojanowiczowaand Edward Kasperski, but also certain ideas developed by Rev. Antoni Dunajski, who argues that the poet’s historiosophic reflection is rooted in Hegelian dialectics (or German philosophy in general), seasoned with the Christian tradition and readings from the Bible. The authoremphasizes certain properties of Norwid’s poetics: an original concept of the protagonist, a personalist concept of history, irony, and the development of both the lyrical subject and the virtual lyrical audience, which all decidedly confirm that the poet functioned outside the said literary and ideological movement. These claims are also informed by the idea that even though Norwid operated beyond the Romantic convention, he would not embrace some other, existing trend (e.g. positivism or Parnassianism), or already represent one from the future (e.g. modernism). Instead, as a pre-modernist and precursor of contemporary lyricism, or a symbolist, he foreshadowed future literary movements. Accordingly, the article claims that Norwid’s work constitutes a separate and original phenomenon, at least in Polish literature.
PL
Artykuł stanowi polemikę z dotychczasowymi ustaleniami historycznoliterackimi, które sytuują dzieło Norwida w ramach nurtu romantycznego: zwłaszcza z koncepcjami Zofii Stefanowskiej, Zofii Trojanowiczowej czy Edwarda Kasperskiego, ale także z pomysłami ks. Antoniego Dunajskiego, wyprowadzającymi historiozoficzną refleksję poety z dialektycznej myśli Hegla (albo ogólnie: tzw. filozofii niemieckiej), przyprawionej chrześcijańską tradycją i lekturą Biblii. Artykuł zwracał uwagę na niektóre cechy i właściwości poetyki Norwida, jak: oryginalna koncepcja bohatera, personalistyczna koncepcja dziejów, ironia czy ukształtowanie podmiotu lirycznego oraz wirtualnego odbiorcy lirycznego, które w sposób zdecydowany zaświadczają o funkcjonowaniu poety poza wskazanym nurtem literackim oraz ideowym epoki. Zarazem tym ustaleniom przyświeca myśl, że twórca Vade-mecum poruszając się poza romantycznymi konwencjami niekoniecznie musiał wpisywać się w jakiś inny, już istniejący nurt (jak np. pozytywizm, parnasizm), czy też taki, który dopiero zaistnieje w przyszłości (np. modernizm): jego dzieło stanowiłoby wówczas zapowiedź owego nurtu (jako premodernista, jako prekursor współczesnej liryki, jako symbolista etc.). Autorowi artykułu przyświeca zatem refleksja o odrębności, fenomenie Norwida i jego oryginalnej spuścizny przynajmniej na tle literatury polskiej.
EN
Although arbitration has become part of common practice as a way of settlement of private disputes, there is still confusion about the nature of the arbitral awards as a deed (public document, resp. public deed / deed issued by an authority). However, it is precisely with regard to the prevalence of arbitration that another, not negligible phenomenon, appear, namely the falsification of arbitral awards. Doubts in this regard exist, in particular, because Czech domestic case-law, more than a decade ago, stated that arbitration fulfils the same functions as the adjudication of civil disputes by courts of common jurisdiction. An arbitral award which cannot be reviewed by other arbitrators shall take effect on the date of service to the parties equal to the effect of a final court decision and it shall be enforceable by the courts. Both doctrine and court practice classify the arbitral tribunals as a so-called “other authority”. However, despite the nature of the arbitration and its function, and even in view of the fact that the arbitral award constitutes an enforceable title, it cannot be concluded that it is a deed in terms of a public document. The paper deals with individual aspects of this issue, as well as ways of defending against falsifications of arbitral awards from the private law and civil procedure perspective.
CS
Ačkoli se rozhodčí řízení stalo jako způsob rozhodování soukromoprávních sporů součástí běžné praxe, panují doposud nejasnosti ohledně charakteru rozhodčího nálezu jako listiny. Právě s ohledem na rozšířenost rozhodčího řízení se však objevuje další a nikoli zanedbatelný fenomén, totiž falzifikace rozhodčích nálezů. Pochybnosti v tomto ohledu panují zejména proto, že tuzemská judikatura a především judikatura Ústavního soudu postavila před více než deseti lety najisto, že rozhodčí řízení plní stejné funkce jako rozhodování civilních sporů obecnými soudy. Rozhodčí nález, který nelze přezkoumat jinými rozhodci, nabývá dnem doručení stranám účinku pravomocného soudního rozhodnutí a je soudně vykonatelný. Doktrína i judikovaná praxe pak kvalifikuje rozhodčí soud jako tzv. „jiný orgán“. Nicméně i přes charakter rozhodčího řízení a jeho funkci a ani s ohledem na to, že rozhodčí nález představuje vykonatelný titul, nelze dospět k závěru, že jde o veřejnou listinu. Příspěvek se zabývá jednotlivými aspekty této problematiky, jakož i způsoby obrany proti falzům rozhodčích nálezů z pohledu soukromého práva a civilního procesu.
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