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EN
The article discusses liberature in the context of its mathematical qualities. In this trend which inextricably connects the textual and physical layer of the work, each element in the book is expected to be created according to a certain formula which should bring a holistic piece of literature. After 1999, a great number of mathematically-oriented works have appeared which are strictly liberary. In the presentation, I base on the theoretical idea behind liberature when discussing Zenon Fajfer’s liberary work Ten Letters (Pol. Dwadzieścia jeden liter). This innovative piece is analysed mainly from the point of view of geometry and play with numbers, which is visible already in the title: the ten-letter phrase “ten letters.” Mathematical qualities are indicated on various layers of the piece: the physical, the textual, and the visual, but especially in its form. The game of numbers is found not only where it is obviously visible and essential to understand the message, but also in places which might not have been intended. Liberature is analysed as literature but at the same time, it is shown not to be literature, and in this respect, to be mathematical at the core.
PL
Normally, the sequences of graphic language devices function as “building material” for morphemes and words. Nevertheless, these sequences sometimes (especially in literary texts) occur in defamiliarized forms. The paper describes how the defamiliarized sequences of graphic devices are used in several texts written by Czech authors and how they can be interpreted by recipients. A specific way of use of graphic devices can represent the intellectual level of a character, evocate the course of spoken utterances, reveal the conventionality of orthographic rules, etc.
EN
The study turns back to Shklovkyʼs term defamiliarization and Jakobsonʼs poetic function to show that, despite they are still stimulating aesthetic conceptions exposing the social role of art, they cannot wholly explain what happens during reading a work of art. Theories of fictional worlds can clarify more, showing that the semantic energy rising from defamiliarization makes us to create an autonomous fictional world. However, the semantic energy of art goes also beyond such a world — it becomes a part of our experience resonating in our future life. A few conceptions of aesth
EN
The paper deals with the analysis of the transformational paradigm of the phraseological invariant of nastupat’ na grabli (“stepping on the rake”) as a system of over 200 of its speech variants presented in Russian media discourse of the first two decades of the 21st century. The paradigm is structured horizontally, considering the types of transformations and the structural-semantic model of the phraseological unit that stimulates its updating at the internal (within the invariant of the phraseological unit) and external (in interaction with other phraseological units, their models and context) levels. The aim of the paper is also to analyze the systematicity, temporal and socio-cultural markedness of the transformations as well as the complex of linguistic and non-linguistic factors that “provoke” the author of the media text to make the transformational updates. The study is based on Russian-language media, Internet forums and blogs as well as online communication. Using the methods of textual identification of transformations, phraseological modelling, and component variable, historical-etymological and linguocultural analysis, phraseological units are considered text-formative elements. The quantitative and qualitative structure of the transformational paradigm confirms the efficiency of its horizontal analysis and opens prospects for creating a dictionary of single phraseological unit transformations.
EN
This article looks at the narrative techniques employed in two collections of creative non-fiction essays by the Scottish writer and poet, Kathleen Jamie. In Findings (2005) and Sightlines (2012) the narrator uses the theme of travel as a platform for expressing the liminality of natural and cultural zones. At the same time, the concept of motion and the boundless travel experience are often turned into their diminutive forms. In order to transgress the dual notions of outside/inside, human/nonhuman and the visible/unseen, Jamie employs a number of visual strategies. She introduces experimental methods of observation to free perception from the constraints of the dogmatic predictions which emerge from the automatization of sight. Jamie exposes our own illusions of what “natural” is or where exactly “nature” resides, prompting us to rethink our own position in the system. In this she often demonstrates the ethical environmental agenda of contemporary Scottish writers and exposes the intrusion of globalism into parochial zones.
PL
W artykule podjęto kwestię realizacji technik narracyjnych w dwóch zbiorach eseistyki podróżniczej szkockiej poetki i pisarki, Kathleen Jamie. W cyklach reportaży podróżniczych Findings (2005) i Sightlines (2012) autorka używa tematyki podróży dla przedstawienia takich wątków jak liminalność i integralność sfer natury i kultury, przy czym nierzadko redukuje ona sam ideał podróżniczy do jego własnej miniatury. W przekraczaniu dogmatycznie pojmowanych binarnych koncepcji, Jamie często odwołuje się do sposobów widzenia i eksperymentuje z różnorodnymi technikami wizualnej reprezentacji przyrody. Sama “natura” wreszcie staje się spoiwem łączącym cykle podróżnicze, które wpisują się w etycznie zaangażowany nurt szkockiego przyrodopisarstwa.
EN
The text focuses on the question of the transfer and translation of several Formalist concepts, such as ostranenie and tochka zrenia. The interpretation is based on Boris Uspensky’s A Poetics of Composition, it revisits the original definition provided Viktor Shklovsky and illustrates it by the work of the German photographer Barbara Probst.
CS
Text se věnuje problematice transferu a překladu několika pojmů (ostraněnije, točka zrenija a dalších) ruské formální školy. Interpretace pojmů vychází z knihy Borise Uspenského Poetika kompozice, vrací se zpět k původnímu konceptu Viktora Šklovského a ilustruje je pomocí tvorby německé fotografky Barbary Probst.
RU
Статья посвящена понятию актуализация, изначально возникшему в рамках русского ОПОЯЗа и Пражского лингвистического кружка для обозначения конкретного языкового, стилистического приема. Дальнейшее обращение к нему ¬— М.М. Бахтина и Ю.М. Лотмана ¬— мотивируется концепцией порождения смысла и функционирования текста в работах этих ученых. Школа рецептивной эстетики обратилась к изучению главного «носителя» актуализации ¬— читателя.
EN
The article is devoted to the notion of actualization which first appeared within the Russian Society of Poetic Language Studies and the Prague Linguistic School to designate a particular linguistic, stylistic device. The further use of it ¬— by M.M. Bakhtin and Y.M. Lotman ¬— is motivated by the concept of meaning production and text function in the works of the mentioned scholars. The School of Receptive Esthetics turned to studying the main «user» of actualization ¬— a reader.
PL
W artykule omówiono pojęcie aktualizacji, powstałe w ramach rosyjskiego Towarzystwa Badań nad Teorią Języka Poetyckiego (ОПОЯЗ) oraz Praskiego Koła Lingwistycznego, na oznaczenie konkretnego zabiegu językowego, stylistycznego. Później motywowany był koncepcją tworzenia się sensu i funkcjonowania tekstu w pracach Bachtina i Łotmana. Szkoła estetyki receptywnej skoncentrowała się na badaniu odbiorcy jako głównego "nosiciela" aktualizacji.
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