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DENAZYFIKACJA W AUSTRII W ŚWIETLE RAPORTÓW SZEFA POLSKIEJ MISJI POLITYCZNEJ W WIEDNIU FELIKSA MANTLA

100%
Jankowiak S.
Przegląd Zachodni
|
2022
|
issue 1 (382)
87-103
EN
The aim of the paper is to present the process of denazification carried out in post-war Austria until 1949, based on reports prepared by Feliks Mantel, chief of the Polish diplomatic outpost. He arrived in Vienna on May 13, 1946 and the diplomatic mission operated until 1958 when it was transformed into an embassy. The focus of the paper is the problem of bringing former fascists to justice for their past conduct. The scale of collaboration, manifested among others by the large number of people engaged in the NSDAP, military service, participation in war crimes, etc. resulted in a gradual mitigation of the rules of their court trials. The cases of former fascists dragged on and the punishments imposed were disproportionate to the guilt. The process of the resolution of the legacy of fascism was also hampered by great politics, including the division of the post-war world into two blocks and the rivalry between the superpowers. This inconsistent process of judgment of the past continued for many decades. The author puts forward the thesis that based on the analysis of the situation in Austria in the second half of the 1940s it can be concluded that a practical resolution of their shameful past by the Austrians was simply impossible. He also attempts to show the reasons which ultimately made this process largely ineffective. The problem of denazification was not fully resolved. The reports of Feliks Mantel on the process of denazification were used in the study.
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Proces włączania byłych nazistów do budowy demokracji liberalnej w Austrii.

100%
Dobrowolski T.
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
|
2015
|
issue 4
61-84
EN
Due to denazification regulations in the first years after World War II, former Nazi party members were excluded from any form of official political life in the reborn republic. Therefore, to break that isolation, they decided to team up with two liberal journalists, Herbert Kraus and Viktor Reimann, who advocated lifting any restrictors targeted at this social group mainly to prevent the growth of their hostility towards the reborn republic and to facilitate reconciliation between victims of the Third Reich and their oppressors. Finally, in 1949 the party Federation of Independents (VdU) under leadership of Kraus was founded. One of its main goal was to represent the interests of former Nazis. The party managed to win seats in National Council, but soon after its foundation, an internal confl ict between liberals and German nationalists began. That undermined its position severely. In consequence, in 1956 VdU merged with Freedom Party, which led to the establishment of a rightwing populist party Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). Until today FPÖ plays an important role in the Austrian political life.
3
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The “Po-ethical Turn” in Post-War Austrian Literature Through Ilse Aichinger’s Texts

75%
Iacovella M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
|
2020
|
vol. 10
125-136
EN
The publications of the short story “Das vierte Tor” (“The Fourth Gate”, 1945) and the novel Die größere Hoffnung(The Greater Hope, 1948) by Ilse Aichinger mark the beginning of post-war Austrian literature. Like several of her contemporaries, including Paul Celan, Ingeborg Bachmann and Milo Dor, Aichinger was part of a generation of survivors of the atrocities of war and National Socialism. After 1945, the “old guard” of poets incited the young generation to find a new voice within post-war German-speaking literature and set new standards in the literary field. The reading of Ilse Aichinger’s texts, which were first published in the immediate post-war period, is thus not merely a literary matter. Rather, it is a way to reach the core of post-war culture within the German-speaking world, especially in the Austrian context, where the tradition of language skepticism and Sprachkritik has always been linked to political and ethical issues. To reflect upon literature and cultural production in the context of Austria’s problematic denazification means to focus not on a “message,” but instead on a “poethics” as a new form of commitment. This was not only an individual effort by authors, but the expression of a collective act of will in which individual instances and political strategies (not all controlled by the authors themselves) played a role in the cultural field(s) during Cold War years. The paper also discusses the fundamental role played by literary magazines as an important instrument of cultural renewal, as well as by their actors, gate-keepers, and financial and political influencers in the post-war context.
4
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The Tormentor from Toruń’s Fort VII, Karl Friedrich Strauss, on the Defendant Bench

63%
Grochowina S.
Historia i Polityka
|
2019
|
issue 28 (35)
111-123
EN
The paper focuses on the trial of Karl Friedrich Strauss, who from the end of October 1939 until January 1940 served as the administrative commandant of Fort VII in Toruń, which hosted an internment camp for civilians (Zivilinternierungslager). Strauss also participated in executions of Poles in the Barbarka forest near Toruń. The Strauss trial was a trial by jury which took place in June 1969 in the West Berlin district of Moabit. The legal proceedings were widely commented on in the pages of the Pomeranian press, and these press articles serve as the main source material for the present paper. The Strauss trial is one of numerous examples of failure of the denazification process in post-war Germany. Although the crimes committed by the former commander of Toruń’s Fort VII were not in any doubt, the leniency of the German judicial system meant that in the end one of the greatest tormentors of those imprisoned in Fort VII escaped justice and was not punished.
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