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EN
Looking at the issue of museum deposit from a purely ‘normative’ perspective, it can be concluded that the legal status of this group of objects is not clear. Therefore, a question should be asked about the features that distinguish deposits from other objects, in particular those made available for presentation at an exhibition, preparation of an expert opinion or conservation (referred to in museum practice as ‘borrowed’ objects). Deposits have a stronger ‘relationship’ with the museum, in which they were entered in the deposit book, than objects only accepted for exhibition (lent by a third party), but this feature is not directly reflected in the applicable regulation. There is also no specific time limit in the regulations: how long can the ‘ordinary’ lending last, and when it would be appropriate to conclude a deposit agreement. The analysis of museum practice proves that museums use contracts interchangeably referred to as deposit, safekeeping, lending or borrowing. Adopting an incorrect qualification may have certain consequences, and an institutionalized entity, such as a museum, should ensure that the above-mentioned issues are precisely defined and that they use appropriate contracts for specific situations. The considerations contained in the article are based on the applicable legal regulation and concern, inter alia, the consequences of treating the deposit as an element of museum collections, ‘systematizing’ the so-called official deposits and the use of the image of deposits.
EN
The Museum of Decorative Arts in Prague (UPM), established in 1885, is a specialist institution collecting, studying and presenting the history and contemporaneity of Czech art. After the onset of fascism and at the time of the Second World War UPM became the owner of works of art from former collections of citizens of Jewish descent, many of whom, aware of the threat posed by further residence in Central Europe, decided to leave. According to the then prevailing law art collection owners were obligated to demand state consent (an export license) for taking their works of art with them. The classification of artworks was determined by representatives of such cultural institutions as the National Gallery but also museums in Prague (e.g. UPM), Brno, Opava and other cities. Citizens of Jewish descent were compelled to pay for permits for emigrating by entrusting part of their collections as museum deposits. Some made the deposits in 1938 but soon regained them and the further fate of these artworks remains unknown. Others handed over their artistic assets in a clear-cut arrangement with the museum. Artworks from personal property belonging to citizens of Jewish descent were entrusted to UPM, the National Gallery and other institutions also from the amassed collections of the Board for Third Reich Property in 1944 and February 1945. It is precisely those collections and prewar deposits that decades later could be identified and connected with the history of concrete persons. After November 1989 one of the first acts compensating years of injustice suffered by the legitimate owners of real estate and mobile monuments was restitution based on resolution no. 87/1991Sb. The claimants were individual persons and Church institutions. In 2001 the Czech Republic established the Documentation Centre for Property Transfers of Cultural Assets of WW II as part of the Academy of Sciences. Archival material at home and abroad was rendered accessible to members of the staff for the purpose of provenance studies regarding Czech museum exhibits. The Centre research encompasses also the UPM collections in Prague with due attention paid to the cultural assets of victims of the Holocaust. The outcome has been issued in the publications: Memories Returned and Ransom for a Life, and in 2008 UPM held an exhibition: “Memories returned” upon the occasion of an international conference on Holocaust Era Assets on show in Prague. The Centre attempts to present to the public the results of its research, to determine the location of exhibits originating from the property of the victims of the Holocaust, and to draw the attention of present-day owners that their collections contain objects originating from property stolen from the Jews.
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss a single context from a small mud brick tomb, AS 84b, built immediately south of large wooden boat (AS 80) at Abusir South. This context is exceptional due to the fact that the rela tively small Shaft 2 contained a very large number of fully preserved vessels found in situ at diverse depths of the shaft, as well as hundreds of additional fragments in the general fill. The vast majority of the pottery belonged to a single type, namely beer jars with a tall slender body with a sharp pointed base (Abusir J-1c). Among them, at least half of the examples exhibited an intentional hole made in the base of the jar. This paper also offers a short typological and morphometric study of these beer jars and an interpretation of the deposit as a whole within our current knowledge of diverse funerary contexts.
EN
The author discusses the deposit guarantee system based on the new act from 10 June 2016 on the Bank Guarantee Fund, the deposit guarantee system and forced restructuring. It focuses on presenting the formation of this system since the nineties of the twentieth century. Next, he describes and discusses the basics of regulation, the status, goals, tasks and authorities of the Bank Guarantee Fund. Then he goes on to discuss the deposit guarantee system, funds and entities and the rules governing payouts. The next part deals with the issue of guarantee amounts and the date of their payment. Attention is also paid to the financial management of the Fund and the assistance function in relation to banks and cooperative savings and credit unions. At the end, the author discusses the practical issues of the aid granted so far and sends a hint "de lege ferenda".
Archeologia Polski
|
2014
|
vol. 59
|
issue 1-2
291-295
EN
The occurrence in recent archaeological writing of neo-semantics taken straight from English or German, used without reason to replace old, accepted, traditional terms, is worrying at the very least. Equally unfortunate are somewhat inapt two-word phrases (wrongly pushing out long-used terminology), which can be questioned on the grounds of word-formation correctness. Being a science that aims at reconstructing man’s social and cultural past based on material remains found in the ground, on the ground and in the water, archaeology is particularly obliged to take care of and protect its wealth, including its language and terminology.
EN
The work attempts to comprehend why littering is so extensive and, with the use of several findings provided in Gary S. Becker's article entitled “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, to explain why under current conditions more waste discarded in the environment can be expected. The article was created from the perspective of the Czech Republic, where the author lives. He analysed some past research carried out by other scientists and institutions from all over the world, and he was also observing the situation in different Czech regions in order to approximately learn how large the problem with littering in his country is and what kind of litter can be found in the Czech nature. Afterwards, the author decided to address the Ministry of the Environment of the Czech Republic so as to learn what measures were planned to be taken in order to significantly reduce littering. As a result of all this, the author himself decided to pay special attention to beverage containers and proposed to impose mandatory deposits on them in order to reduce the volume of litter that can be found out of the appropriate places. The author, basing his arguments on findings of other authors, gets to the conclusion that such a measure – provided that some conditions are respected – can work anywhere in the world, beverage containers not being the only type of litter suitable for this step.
PL
Praca stara się zrozumieć, dlaczego zaśmiecanie jest tak rozległe, i dzięki kilku odkryciom zawartym w artykule Gary'ego S. Beckera pt. " Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach" wyjaśnia, dlaczego w aktualnych warunkach można się spodziewać więcej odpadów odrzuconych w środowisku. Artykuł powstaje z perspektywy Republiki Czeskiej, w której mieszka autor. Ten analizował wcześniejsze badania przeprowadzone przez innych naukowców i instytucje z całego świata, a także obserwował sytuację w różnych czeskich regionach, aby w przybliżeniu dowiedzieć się, jak duży jest problem z zaśmiecaniem w jego kraju i jaki rodzaj miotu można znaleźć w czeskiej przyrodzie. Następnie autor postanowił zwrócić się do Ministerstwa Środowiska Republiki Czeskiej, aby dowiedzieć się, jakie środki są planowane w celu znacznego ograniczenia zaśmiecania. W wyniku tego, autor postanowił zwrócić szczególną uwagę na pojemniki na napoje i proponuje nałożyć obowiązkowe depozyty, aby zmniejszyć ilość śmieci, które można znaleźć w odpowiednich miejscach. Autor, opierając swoje argumenty na ustaleniach innych autorów, dochodzi do wniosku, że taki środek – pod warunkiem, że pewne warunki są przestrzegane – może działać w dowolnym miejscu na świecie, a pojemniki na napoje nie są jedynym rodzajem odpadów odpowiednich na ten etap.
EN
The author presents the issue of liability of persons depositing firearms and ammunition who came into possession of them after the death of the testator and his heirs in connection with the obligation of submitting after the deceased person weapons and ammunition to the deposit of the Police organizational unit and the calculation of fees for storing firearms by these entities under the Act of May 21st, 1999 about weapons and ammunition. The legal nature of the fees for the storage of firearms in deposit indicates that it is not an administrative penalty, as some believe, but is a non‑tax budget charge to which the limitation of the provisions of section III of the Act of August 29th, 1997 Tax Code should apply, which is also confirmed by the jurisprudence of administrative courts in these cases. In addition, the circle of persons obligated to pay the fee should be limited only to depositors – holders of weapons or ammunition who after the death of the person, personally or through a representative, deposit it in a deposit for safekeeping, and not to other heirs who as co‑owners may make a statement on how to administer the firearms and ammunition, however, they cannot be charged the fees due to the content of the provisions of art. 23 clause 1 point 3 of the cited act stating the necessity of taking possession of it after the deceased person before making the deposit. Therefore, the police authorities should each and every time examine the situation when individuals are obliged to pay the fees as well as take into account the 5‑year limitation period for the amounts due.
PL
Autor przedstawia kwestię odpowiedzialności osób składających broń palną i amunicję, które weszły w ich posiadanie po śmierci spadkodawcy i jego spadkobierców w związku z obowiązkiem przekazania po zmarłej broni i amunicji do depozytu jednostki organizacyjnej Policji oraz obliczanie opłat za przechowywanie broni palnej przez te podmioty na podstawie ustawy z 21 maja 1999 r. o broni i amunicji. Charakter prawny opłat za przechowywanie broni palnej w depozycie wskazuje, że nie jest to kara administracyjna, jak niektórzy sądzą, ale niepodatkowa opłata budżetowa, do której ograniczenie przepisów sekcji III ustawy z dnia 29 sierpnia, 1997 Kodeks podatkowy powinien mieć zastosowanie, co potwierdza również orzecznictwo sądów administracyjnych w tych sprawach. Ponadto krąg osób zobowiązanych do uiszczenia opłaty powinien być ograniczony wyłącznie do deponentów – posiadaczy broni lub amunicji, którzy po śmierci osoby, osobiście lub przez przedstawiciela, deponują ją w depozycie na przechowanie, a nie do innych osób spadkobiercy, którzy jako współwłaściciele mogą złożyć oświadczenie o sposobie podawania broni palnej i amunicji, nie mogą oni jednak być obciążani opłatami z uwagi na treść przepisów art. 23 ust. 1 pkt 3 cytowanego aktu stwierdzający konieczność przejęcia go po zmarłej osobie przed złożeniem depozytu. Dlatego organy policji powinny każdorazowo badać sytuację, w której osoby są zobowiązane do uiszczenia opłat, a także wziąć pod uwagę 5‑letni okres przedawnienia należnych kwot.
EN
The article delves into what the author terms a deposit war in the Polish banking sector, a process that has been under way since 2008, according to Mokrogulski. The author analyzes the causes and outcomes of the process. The research is mainly quantitative and incorporates a single­‑equation econometric model. However, the analysis is also comparative in nature, Mokrogulski says, because the Polish banking sector is evaluated against its counterparts in other EU member states. The analysis is supplemented with institutional issues related to financial supervision in Poland. The author’s calculations show that the “deposit war” mostly applies to deposits with maturities ranging from one to six months. Due to interest rate rises, banks reported a significant increase in their short­‑term deposit volumes, the author says. His models show that an increase in interest on deposits by 1 percentage point led to an average growth of the deposit volume by 2.7 % on a monthly basis. In the case of deposits with original maturities of over 1M up to 3M the growth was 5.4 %, the author says. Moreover, despite higher interest costs at the time of the deposit war, the financial condition of Polish banks did not deteriorate compared with their counterparts in other countries in Europe, according to Mokrogulski. Liquidity measures introduced by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority (KNF) additionally encouraged banks to maintain liquid assets and funds at sufficiently high levels. In the future, providing long­‑term funding to banks could help prevent further deposit wars, the author concludes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie zjawiska wojny depozytowej w polskim sektorze bankowym od roku 2008 wraz z podaniem genezy zjawiska oraz próbą oceny skutków. Badanie koncentruje się na ilościowym opisie zachodzących procesów i zawiera jednorównaniowy model ekonometryczny. W pracy dokonano również oceny sektora bankowego w Polsce na tle innych krajów Unii Europejskiej. Analiza ma zatem również charakter porównawczy. Całość uzupełniono o wątek instytucjonalny związany z działalnością nadzoru nad rynkiem finansowym w Polsce. Z przeprowadzonych obliczeń wynika, że wojna depozytowa dotyczyła przede wszystkim terminów pierwotnych powyżej 1 miesiąca do 3 miesięcy oraz powyżej 3 miesięcy do 6 miesięcy. W związku z podwyżką oprocentowania, banki zanotowały znaczący wzrost wolumenu lokat dla ww. tenorów. Wyniki modelowania pokazały, że wzrost oprocentowania depozytów o 1 pp. implikował zwiększenie wolumenu depozytów przeciętnie o 2,7 % w skali miesiąca. W przypadku depozytów o terminie pierwotnym (1M; 3M> ów wzrost wynosił 5,4 %. Ponadto, pomimo zwiększenia kosztów odsetkowych w okresie wojny depozytowej, banki w Polsce nie odnotowały spadku wyników finansowych na tle banków europejskich. Dodatkowym czynnikiem zachęcającym banki do utrzymywania odpowiednio wysokiego poziomu płynnych środków są normy płynnościowe Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego (KNF), wprowadzone w 2008 r. W przyszłości powstawaniu wojen depozytowych może zapobiegać pozyskanie przez banki finansowania długoterminowego.
EN
Early in May 2001 a random discovery of “flint knives” was made during tree planting at the village Krowia Góra in south-central Poland (Fig. 1). According to the finder’s report a close-knit concentration of 13 blades occurred in clean sand at the depth of dozen-odd centimetres. The site lies within the valley bottom of the Vistula, on its upper Holocene sandy and alluvial terrace, situated about 150.10 m above the sea level. The blades were discovered inside the slope of an old abandoned river channel, a stretch of which at present contains a nameless stream flowing from the upland (Fig. 2). Sondage verification of the site led to the recovery of further blades and blade fragments also discovered in clean sand, where they rested at the depth of 35–45 cm from the present day ground level, about 10–15 cm below the bottom of the arable layer. The artefacts formed an irregular, 30 by 35 cm, concentration, showing no trace of having been inserted into the ground by digging. The blades rested in different positions – at a smaller depth, their position was horizontal or slightly diagonal, deeper down, it was nearly vertical. It is not certain whether this layout is original. The entire deposit (including the eighteen pieces discovered originally) consisted of twenty specimens: sixteen complete, one with a slightly fractured bulbar part, one with a fractured distal end, three bulbar and three distal blade fragments. It appears that all the surviving fragments and six of the intact pieces also fragmented at present, were damaged as a result of post-depositional processes. At the time of the accidental discovery the fragments of six pieces were lost, which suggests that the original blade deposit may have been much bigger. The finds show little evidence of use-wear or patina visible to the naked eye. All are made of waxy-chocolate hued chocolate flint with sparse light grey bands, with an on the whole thick cortex. The blades from Krowia Góra are macrolithic in parameter (Table 1). They were detached from single platform cores showing no preparation of the striking platform, as indicated by the natural butts noted in eighteen of the pieces, as opposed to just a single prepared butt. The butts are perpendicular to the blade axis. Analysis of dorsal sides shows them to be products of the early stages of exploitation of two or three cores. The blades could be refitted into four blocks (Fig. 5, cf fig. 3:1–4 and 4:1, and fig. 7, cf fig. 6:3.4 and 6:1.2, and fig. 8). Cultural attribution of the deposit is rather difficult. In the light of their parameters of the flint pieces their time of production and deposition can hardly predate the so-called metric caesura in Neolithic flint-knapping. This leaves us with two cultures: the Volhynian-Lublin Painted Pottery Culture and the Funnel Beaker Culture (cf B. Balcer 1975; 1983; A. Zakościelna 1996). In view of the morpho-metric attributes of the blades and their raw material, the authors are inclined to link the deposit with the Volhynian-Lublin Painted Pottery Culture.
EN
The article is an attempt to trace the rules for entering and returning security in a non-monetary form. The assumption is to take into account the changes that have taken place in the public procurement procedure, it is exactly about introducing full electronization into public procurement. The new rules related to electronization did not provide for any corrections to other statutory and legal regulations regarding the lodging and return of the bid bond in non-monetary form. In the light of applicable regulations, this is a serious problem that may lead to irregularities in the public procurement procedure.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą prześledzenia zasad wnoszenia i zwracania zabezpieczenia wadialnego w formie niepieniężnej. Z założenia uwzględniać ma zmiany, jakie zaszły w procedurze realizacji zamówień publicznych, a dokładnie dotyczyć wprowadzenia pełnej elektronizacji do zamówień publicznych. Nowe zasady związane z elektronizacją nie zakładały wprowadzenia korekt do innych przepisów ustawowych i okołoustawowych, dotyczących wnoszenie oraz zwracania wadium w postaci niepieniężnej. W świetle obowiązujących przepisów jest to poważny problem, mogący prowadzić do nieprawidłowości procedury udzielania zamówienia publicznego.
EN
Start-up enterprises can benefit from EU funding in the initial phase of their activity. Subsidies for starting a business are granted through various institutions appointed to implement various EU programmes and to hand over funds of the State Budget. Therefore, unemployed individuals who wish to undertake economic activity can use funding offered by employment agencies. This sort of assistance is disbursed on specific terms in the form of a deposit for start-up enterprises. Newly created entities can benefit from EU funding through two programmes: Regional Operational Programme for the Lublin Region for 2007-2013 and Rural Development Programme for 2007-2013. In both cases the financial assistance consists in reimbursement of the costs incurred, but the difference concerns the location of the investment, namely the former programme is realised in urban-rural communes, urban communes and in municipalities counting over 5 000 inhabitants. On the other hand, the Rural Development Programme assists investments located in rural, rural-urban and urban communes, excluding municipalities of more than 5 000 inhabitants.
EN
This article covers an analysis of selected problems of the deposit in the leasing contract on the grounds for Article 6 of the Act of 21 June 2001 on the protection of occupants’ rights, the municipal housing stock and the amendment of the Civil Code. The initial research focuses on the notion and purpose of the deposit. The key issue is the consideration of the basis for the application of this legal act to the contract of leasing of a premises. The author assumed a thesis on its application, which may be supported both by the linguistic, systemic and teleological interpretation. The fundamental issue is also the determining of the legal nature of the deposit. The correct determination of this nature has significant legal consequences for the parties to a contract of leasing. This is a multi-faceted issue that should be dealt with on a case by case basis. The deposit is certainly a kind of collateral for claims of a tangible nature and its payment is a condition precedent to the conclusion of a leasing contract. The article also discusses the regulations on the object secured by the deposit and prohibitions on charging it. Due to the character (nature) of the leasing relationship, they are applicable to the premises leasing contract with significant modifications.
PL
Artykuł obejmuje analizę wybranych problemów kaucji w umowie leasingu lokalu na gruncie art. 6 ustawy z dnia 21 czerwca 2001 r. o ochronie praw lokatorów, mieszkaniowym zasobie gminy i o zmianie Kodeksu cywilnego. Wstępne badania koncentrują się na pojęciu i celu kaucji. Zagadnienie kluczowe stanowi rozważenie podstaw stosowania powyższego aktu prawnego do umowy leasingu lokalu. Autorka przyjęła tezę o jego zastosowaniu, za czym przemawia zarówno wykładnia językowa, systemowa, jak i celowościowa. Kwestię podstawową stanowi też ustalenie charakteru prawnego instytucji kaucji. Prawidłowe jego określenie powoduje znaczące konsekwencje prawne dla stron umowy leasingu. Jest to zagadnienie wielopłaszczyznowe, które powinno być rozpatrywane w odniesieniu do konkretnego przypadku. Niewątpliwie kaucja stanowi rodzaj zabezpieczenia wierzytelności o charakterze rzeczowym, a jej zapłata – warunek zawieszający zawarcie umowy leasingu. Rozważaniom poddano również unormowania dotyczące przedmiotu zabezpieczenia kaucji oraz zakazów co do jej pobierania. Ze względu na właściwość (naturę) stosunku leasingu znajdują one zastosowanie do umowy leasingu lokalu z istotnymi modyfikacjami.
EN
Deposit Refund/Return Systems (DRS) are currently operating successfully in several European countries, similar organisational solutions are found in the United States, Australia and other countries. Such systems use a mechanism of collecting a deposit for the purchase of certain goods and returning the deposit if the customer gives the packaging back to the seller or a special collection point. Such systems also increase the circulation of materials and raw materials in recycling processes and thus reduce the level of waste disposal. RVM machines (Reverse Vending Machines), popularly known in Poland as “bottling machines”, are a popular element improving the operation of such organisational systems. Deposit and return systems are a common name for the way of organising and increasing the degree of recycling of waste, especially packaging waste from households. However, they differ in terms of organisational and regulatory solutions in individual countries. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to compare the solutions applied in the European countries in the area of returnable deposit systems, to make their typology, to present the benefits and achievements of individual countries and the difficulties in implementing such a way of dealing with waste. The article uses reports and statistical data, as well as the results of research conducted by consulting companies and checking operators of return depository systems.
PL
Systemy depozytowo -zwrotne DRS (deposit refund/return systems) działają obecnie z powodzeniem w kilkunastu państwach Europy, podobne rozwiązania organizacyjno -rynkowe spotyka się w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Australii i innych krajach. Systemy tego typu wykorzystują mechanizm pobierania kaucji za zakup określonych dóbr i jej zwrotu w przypadku oddania przez klienta opakowania do sprzedawcy lub specjalnego punktu odbioru. Systemy DRS sprawiają także, że wzrasta poziom cyrkulacji materiałów i  surowców w procesach recyklingowych i zmniejsza się tym samym poziom składowania odpadów. Elementem usprawniającym działanie tego typu systemów są automaty RVM (reverse vending machines) popularnie nazywane w Polsce „butelkomatami”. Systemy depozytowo -zwrotne prowadzą do wzrostu stopnia recyklingu odpadów komunalnych pochodzących z gospodarstw domowych. Różnią się jednak pod względem rozwiązań organizacyjnych i regulacyjnych w poszczególnych krajach. Celem artykułu jest zatem porównanie rozwiązań stosowanych w krajach Europy w obszarze DRS oraz dokonanie ich wstępnej typologii, przedstawienie korzyści i osiągnięć poszczególnych państw, a także trudności w implementacji takiego sposobu radzenia sobie z odpadami. W artykule wykorzystano informacje z raportów, dane statystyczne i wyniki badań firm konsultingowych oraz sprawdzania operatorów systemów depozytowo -zwrotnych.
Bezpieczny Bank
|
2020
|
vol. 81
|
issue 4
8-32
EN
The rationale behind the creation of the deposit insurance system (DIS) in the financial system’s safety net was primarily to stabilize banking systems by preventing the risk of a bank run and to counteract the effects of credit institutions’ insolvency. In theory and practice, however, issues of side effects resulting from DIS functions, including moral hazard, are raised. The article analyzes the impact of DIS factors on insolvency of banking systems on the example of 42 European countries in the years 2004–2016. Three databases constituted the empirical basis: the International Monetary Fund’s Deposit Insurance Database, the European Banking Authority’s Deposit Guarantee Schemes and the World Bank’s Global Financial Development Database. The results of the main model for the entire analyzed set of banking systems indicate that, in principle, DIS reduces insolvency risk. On the other hand, taking into account additional dichotomous criteria (Euro zone countries and others, European Union countries and others, Central and Eastern Europe countries and others) or classification criteria (countries with low, middle and high income, countries with low, medium and high levels of moral hazard), the analysis of this set indicates that DIS may contribute to an increase of banking sectors’ insolvency risk.
PL
Przesłanką tworzenia systemu gwarantowania depozytów (SGD) w sieci bezpieczeństwa systemu finansowego było przede wszystkim stabilizowanie systemów bankowych poprzez zapobieganie ryzyku runu na bank lub banki, a także przeciwdziałanie skutkom niewypłacalności instytucji kredytowych. W teorii i praktyce podnosi się jednak kwestie efektów ubocznych wynikających z funkcji SGD, w tym pokusy nadużycia. W artykule analizuje się wpływ czynników charakteryzujących SGD na niewypłacalność systemów bankowych na przykładzie 42 krajów europejskich w latach 2004–2016. Podstawę empiryczną analiz stanowiły trzy bazy danych: Deposit Insurance Database Międzynarodowego Funduszu Walutowego, Deposit Guarantee Schemes Europejskiego Urzędu Nadzoru Bankowego oraz Global Financial Development Database Banku Światowego. Wyniki analiz modelu głównego dla całego badanego zbioru systemów bankowych wskazują, że co do zasady SGD zmniejsza ryzyko niewypłacalności. Natomiast analizy tego zbioru z uwzględnieniem dodatkowych kryteriów dychotomicznych (kraje strefy Euro i pozostałe, kraje Unii Europejskiej i pozostałe, kraje Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej i pozostałe) lub klasyfikacyjnych (kraje o niskim, średnim i wysokim dochodzie, kraje o niskim, średnim i wysokim poziomie pokusy nadużyć) wskazują, że SGD może przyczyniać się do wzrostu ryzyka niewypłacalności sektorów bankowych.
EN
The author presents the issue of firearms and ammunition storage constituting a deposit by authorized Police authorities, seized on the basis of the Act of May 21, 1999 on weapons and ammunition, and then in the absence of submitting an appropriate declaration of the depositor’s will and the expiry of the three-year period of storage in the depository, the procedure of liquidation the deposit of firearms and ammunition, based on the provisions of the Act of October 18, 2006 on the liquidation of unsecured deposits and the Act of November 17, 1964 Code of Civil Procedure. The knowledge of the discussed issues is important in relation to the proper functioning of the Police procedures related to depositing firearms and ammunition, charging a fee for storing firearms to the person obliged to pay them (the depositor), which is a non-tax budgetary charge, and then applying to this receivables of a five-year limitation period and a compulsory three-year period of storing a weapon by the Police, after which the unsecured deposit should be liquidated based on a previous court judgment obtained by the depositing authority, issued on the basis of the indicated provisions of the Act of October 18, 2006. and section V of the Code of Civil Procedure regulating deposit matters (Articles 692 - 69310 of the Code of Civil Procedure). In the practice of the Police authority there are serious interpretation problems in this respect related to the interpretation of regulations and the application of the law, as well as problems in cooperation with the procedural authority, whose task is to liquidate an unsuccessful out-of-court deposit at the request of the Police authority. The presentation of this subject is intended to clarify doubts regarding the interpretation of the provisions and to improve the operation of the Police and the common court in connection with the application of the law.
PL
Autor przedstawia problematykę przechowywania przez uprawnione organy Policji broni palnej i amunicji stanowiącej depozyt, przejętej na podstawie ustawy z 21 maja 1999 r. o broni i amunicji, a następnie wobec braku złożenia stosownego oświadczenia woli deponenta i upływu trzyletniego okresu przechowania w magazynie depozytowym, procedurę likwidacji depozytu broni palnej i amunicji, w oparciu o przepisy ustawy z dnia 18 października 2006 r. o likwidacji niepodjętych depozytów oraz ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Znajomość omawianej problematyki ma istotne znaczenie w odniesieniu do prawidłowego funkcjonowania w organie Policji procedur związanych ze złożeniem broni palnej i amunicji do depozytu, naliczeniem opłaty za przechowywanie broni palnej osobie zobowiązanej do jej uiszczenia (deponentowi), która stanowi niepodatkową należność budżetową, następnie zastosowaniem do tej należności pięcioletniego okresu przedawnienia oraz obowiązkowego trzyletniego okresu przechowywania broni, przez organy Policji, po upływie którego powinna nastąpić likwidacja niepodjętego depozytu w oparciu o uprzednio uzyskane przez organ deponujący orzeczenie sądu powszechnego wydane na podstawie wskazanych przepisów ustawy z dnia 18 października 2006 r. oraz działu V Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego normującego sprawy depozytowe (art. 692 – 69310 K.p.c.). W praktyce organu Policji zdarzają się poważne problemy interpretacyjne w tym zakresie związane z wykładnią przepisów i stosowaniem prawa, jak również problemy we współpracy z organem procesowym, którego zadaniem jest likwidacja niepodjętego pozasądowego depozytu na wniosek organu Policji. Przybliżenie tej tematyki ma celu wyjaśnienie wątpliwości dotyczących wykładni przepisów oraz usprawnienie działania na linii organ Policji i sąd powszechny w związku ze stosowaniem prawa.
EN
In this paper the author offers an overview of hoards containing ornamental items, that is, jewellery, dress ornaments as well as ornaments used to decorate other artefacts. Je mapping of finds, starting with those from the second half of the 12th c., does not display any concentration in the discussed territory. However, there is quite a large concentration of deposits with ornaments in the southern borders, or actually beyond them—in Anhalt, Saxony-Wittenberg and in Thuringia (Fig. 1). When the finds are arranged chronologically, it turns out that deposits which were hidden in the period from c. 1360 to c. 1500 are the most numerous. Earlier hoards, however, are much richer in decorative artefacts. In later deposits such artefacts are either single specimens or their number is limited to but a few finds. There are occasional hoards dated back to the Early Middle Ages (to c. 1070) containing ornaments only or ornaments and non-monetary silver (in the form of clumps and bars). However, from the second half of the 12KP c. onwards there are no finds which contain ornamental items only. Although there are ornaments in deposits with bars (Gusskönige), they are accompanied by coins. An overwhelming majority of the ornamental items was made from silver. From the 13th c. onwards, gilding appears on the silver artefacts. Je technique of gilding is commonly used in silver jewellery artefacts from the 14th and 15th c. A silver ring from the hoard from Bardowick is ornamented in the niello technique. Gold artefacts occur very rarely, and it seems that they appear as single finds only. Bronze artefacts are truly unique. Specimens from the 14th and 15th c. are ornamented with semi-precious stones, a glass mass and enamel, while pearls are found sporadically. Amber does not occur in the discussed territory; on the other hand, it is known from small artefacts in other parts of Europe (e.g., from the Austrian hoard in Fuchsenhof, c. 1275–1278). Je assortment of ornamental artefacts for decoration of the body (jewellery) and of dress is quite similar to that from the present time. It encompasses rings (often with eyelets), annuli and signet rings, brooches used as clasps, buckles and the fittings of belts, knobs used as buttons, but also as dress ornaments, fittings (thin metal sheets with openings, used to ornament dresses, purses and caskets) in the shape of round and heraldic shields, or heraldic eagles and lions. In some hoards there are large numbers of buckles (some of these are similar to brooches, somewhat resembling fibulae). Crosses-pendants, earrings and hair pins are not common. Items of cutlery are rather sporadically found (silver spoons and silver fittings for knife handles). The largest hoards are known from the territory of the Wendic Hansa and they were discovered in urban areas. "ere is no doubt that these were gathered by members of the patriciate. On the other hand, rich hoards with gold artefacts are known from the Rhineland, but also from Erfurt in Thuringia and from Środa Śląska.
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