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EN
Digitalization produces increasingly multimodal and interactive literary forms. A major challenge for foreign language education in adopting such forms lies in deconstructing discursive borders between literary education and digital education (romance of the book vs. euphoric media heavens), thereby crossing over into a perspective in which digital and literary education are intertwined. In engaging with digital literary texts, it is additionally important to consider how different competencies and literary/literacy practices interact and inform each other, including: (1) a receptive perspective: reading digital narratives and digital literature can become a space for literary aesthetic experience, and (2) a productive perspective: learners can become “produsers” (Bruns, 2008) of their own digital narratives by drawing on existing genre conventions and redesigning “available designs” (New London Group, 1996). Consequently, we propose a typology of digital literatures, incorporating functional, interactive and narrative aspects, as applied to a diverse range of digital texts. To further support our discussion, we draw on a range of international studies in the fields of literacies education and 21st century literatures (e.g., Beavis, 2010; Hammond, 2016; Kalantzis & Cope, 2012; Ryan, 2015) and, in turn, explore trajectories for using concrete digital literary texts in the foreign language classroom.
EN
The aim of our study is to present a new type of translation which takes place on the crossroads of language (translation proper), medium (adaptation) and a combination of software and hardware (port/porting). Looking closely at several translations of American hypertext fiction and poetry into Polish (afternoon, a story by Michael Joyce, Blueberries by Susan Gibb) we analyze textual procedures that must be taken into account while translating digital literature, at the same time scrutinizing various challenges (on the level of text semantics) that must be faced by the authors of this new kind of translation. Our goal is to demonstrate in what ways the shift from one medium and semiotic system (print) to another (screen) changes the ontology of the literary work and the scope of translator’s assignments. It is especially important in the situation when verbal elements are no longer sole conveyers of meaning, but are instead accompanied by multimedia elements and the underlying layer of computer code. Four forms of digital translation are presented: digitalization, digital adaptation, structural translations and hypertextual translation. Two possible instances of the hypertext translation are discussed; one is a language to language translation over the programming layer, the other being an adaptation of classic work into a hypertext structure. We analyze the stages and specifics of digital translation. Translation that takes into account the visual, the operational (interface) and the programming layer of the work becomes a process on events rather than a process on textual elements. Hypertextual translation – as we conclude – is a multidimensional transformation of text that happens on the semiotic, technological and the cultural levels at the same time.
EN
This text discusses problems connected with the expansion of digital literature. Nowadays, transitions in the literary field may be perceived from many points of view. In this article, priority is given to the comparative perspective focusing on the relationship between technological development and community life and rules of communication which are now subject to accelerated transformation.
PL
Recenzja dotyczy książki Elżbiety Winieckiej Poszerzanie pola literackiego. Studia o literackości w internecie (Universitas, Kraków 2020). Tekst zawiera rozważania poświęcone ekspansji literatury cyfrowej. Współczesne przemiany w polu literackim mogą być postrzegane z różnych punktów widzenia. W niniejszym artykule najważniejsza okazuje się perspektywa komparatystyczna, stawiająca w centrum zainteresowania relacje pomiędzy rozwojem technologicznym a wspólnotowym życiem i regułami komunikacji, podlegające dziś przyspieszonym przeobrażeniom.
EN
This paper is devoted to the description of the main assumptions behind the comparative approach in media. The author presents the possibility of adapting comparative methods to the analysis of multiaspectual links, which are currently developing between mediasphere and literature. It has also been demonstrated that the comparative perspective can successfully be implemented in research into the cultural history of press, intermedial and transmedial reportage projects, or digital literature. Moreover, new approaches and challenges of modern humanities in the era of interdisciplinarity have been indicated.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony został omówieniu głównych założeń komparatystyki mediów. Przedstawiono w nim możliwości zaadaptowania metod porównawczych do analizy wieloaspektowych związków kształtujących się obecnie pomiędzy mediasferą a literaturą. Pokazano także, iż perspektywa komparatystyczna może być z powodzeniem zastosowana w badaniach nad kulturową historią prasy, intermedialnymi i transmedialnymi projektami reportażowymi czy literaturą cyfrową. Wskazano ponadto nowe perspektywy i wyzwania, jakie w dobie interdyscyplinarności otwierają się przed współczesną humanistyką.
EN
Facebook has become one of the mediums of creativity and criticism of works of art as a result of the nature of its blended writing. At the “completion” of a composition, Facebook poems maintain a certain degree of the static form, which is a characteristic of print literature. Facebook poetry coalesces the oral and print into a “new” form of poetry and extends the boundaries of oral and print literature. Using Bolter and Grusin concept of Remediation as a theoretical framework, this paper examines literary heredity and variation in selected Facebook poems of Veralyn Chinenye and her collaborative authors and participants. The paper further examines the characteristics and criticism of Facebook poetry and explicates the functionality of “Emoji”, “Comments”, “Share”, and intertextuality in the on-going creation and criticism of Facebook poetry that is different from the conventional perception and practice of literary creativity and criticism. Through the examples of poetry analysed in this paper, our findings show that digital literature is, to an extent, fluid and shares identical characteristics with oral literature in terms of artist and audience participation, occasion of performance
EN
The aim of the present article is to analyse the phenomenon of graphomania on the Internet, with Marina Maslova’s 2004 novel Don Juan as an example. The choice of the text was dictated by the interest in the presence of the eternal image of Don Juan in the Internet space and in the transformations it undergoes there. Taking Maslova’s text as an example, the author of the paper identifies and names essential features of digital literature, among others: derivativeness (non-originality) of literary images, a tense and attractive story, a twisted plot, stereotypical devices, a limited stock of literary images and motifs, the poetics of everyday life, permanent dynamism, polyauthorism, violation of the distance between the author and the text. The analysis of Maslova’s novel makes it possible to identify also the mechanisms of transformations applied to the image of Don Juan in the Internet space. In that connection, it is noted that the discussed writer only takes interest in certain selected situations and motifs from Don Juan’s story, adapts them to the genre of the romance novel, displays a free approach to the literary tradition and deprives the eponymous figure of autonomy in terms of plot.
RU
В статье подвергается исследованию феномен интернет-графомании на примере романа Марины Масловой Дон Жуан (2004). Выбор текста подиктован нашим интересом к бытованию и трансформациям вечного образа в интернет-пространстве. На примере текста Масловой мы выделили и назвали основные приметы сетературы, такие как: вторичность образов, напряженная и привлекательная интрига, закрученный сюжет, шаблонность, скудный запас литературных образов и мотивов, поэтика повседневности, перманентная динамичность, полиавторность, нарушение дистанции между автором и текстом и др. Анализ романа Дон Жуан позволил нам выявить также механизмы переноса известного мирового образа в интернет-пространство. В связи с этим вопросом мы отметили обращение автора романа лишь к отдельным ситуациям и мотивам истории Дон Жуана, приспособление их к жанру дамского романа, свободное отношение к литературной традиции, лишение образа сюжетной самостоятельности.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę badań literaturoznawczych nad nowym zjawiskiem literackim, jakim jest w Polsce poezja cybernetyczna. Szczegółowym przedmiotem badań stają się utwory Leszka Onaka – jednego z głównych twórców tego nurtu. Autor artykułu proponuje, by – ze względu na innowacyjny charakter literatury wykorzystującej nowe media – tradycyjną metodologię literaturoznawczą opartą na interpretacji wzbogacić o koncepcje performatywne. Stara się udowodnić, że dzięki takiej perspektywie pozornie pozbawione treści utwory poddają się interpretacji. Podkreślone zostaje znaczenie działania i ruchu, które są podstawowymi właściwościami utworów poezji cybernetycznej. Interpretacji zostaje poddany także utwór jako akt – performatywny gest twórcy.
EN
The present paper tackles the issue of studies of the new literary phenomenon, that is cybernetic poetry in Poland. The works by Leszek Onak, one of the main representatives of this current, are a special subject of the study. The author of the article suggests that – due to an innovative character of the literature that uses the new media – the traditional methodology of literary studies should be enriched with performative conceptions. He tries to prove that owing to such a perspective works that apparently are devoid of any content may be interpreted. The significance of action and motion is emphasized, that are the basic properties of cybernetic poetry works. Also a literary work as an act – an author’s performative gesture – is subjected to interpretation.
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