Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 8

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  direct investments
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Nationality of Poland's Exports

100%
EN
ln this paper, we analyse the materiał structure of Polands exports of goods to the European Union and to the United States. In a general presentation of Polish exports, we aggregate all other trade partners than the EU and the U.S. to the 'Rest of the World' (RoW). We use descriptive statistics to check whatgoods are subject to export from Poland. We analyse data on various levels of aggregation. We prove that Polish exports aggregated to the CN sections and HS2 product groups to both destinations seem to be of higher technological advancement than export disaggregated to the HS6 product classification. On the higher level of aggregation, the material structure of Polands exports to the EU and the U.S. look more similar than those analysed on the more disaggregated level. We look at the material structures of exports to both partners from the point of view of the producers as well. We study Poland's exports of goods to the EU and the U.S. based on the HS6 classification and analyse the leading producers of the most important goods in sales to both partners. We show that most of them are affiliates of the foreign companies.
EN
The article analyses German direct investments in Poland undertaken between 1989 and 2018 with quantitative analysis methods, using long time series data of German Bundesbank investment statistics. It asks about impacts of German FDI on economic development in Poland, providing insights into bilateral cooperation relations. Poland attracts continuously expanding German investments, which distribute over large numbers of regionally dispersed firms. Strongly increasing employment in German owned firms has large importance for the Polish labor market. Through business activities, companies with German FDI contribute considerably to Polish output development. For German FDI stocks in Poland estimation results show empirical evidence for medium impacts on employees numbers and large effects on annual turnovers of firms with German direct participation in 1989-2018. Within this context, adequate framework conditions for investments are decisive for economic growth in Poland.
PL
The aim of the article is to indicate the role played by Japan as an exporter and importer of direct investments as compared to other countries. Japan, as a leading world economy that boasts of having one of the largest consumer markets, plays a great role as an investor and a small one as an importer of the capital. In the context of relative investments to the economic potential, the country’s place is low in both categories. The main areas of investment for Japan are in the manufacturing industry, especially car and electronic equipment industry. The USA are the most important place Japanese investments are made in as well as the most important foreign investor. Important bilateral partners also include Holland and Great Britain; and as the place for investments Asia has been acquiring importance. However, it is not easy for Japan to draw foreign investors despite attempts to implement special programs.
PL
Inicjatywa tworzenia spółek z kapitałem zagranicznym w Polsce Ludowej wywiedziona była z doświadczeń Jugosławii i Węgier. Współpraca z biznesmenami polskiego pochodzenia odpowiadała zarówno w wymiarze propagandowym (możliwość wykazywania przed społeczeństwem PRL przychylności środowisk zachodniej Polonii dla reżimu komunistycznego w PRL), jak i pragmatycznym (napływ „bezpiecznego”, bo z polskim rodowodem, kapitału w wymienialnej walucie i zachodniego „know how”, bardzo pożądanego w gospodarce nakazowej PRL). Przedsiębiorcy z kapitałem zagranicznym urządzali swoje firmy pod względem organizacyjnym na wzór zachodni. Sposób zarządzania nastawiony na zysk i optymalizację podatkową, importowanie i stosowanie technologii oraz środków trwałych z krajów kapitalistycznych, jak również szeroko stosowane techniki marketingu czyniły z tych podmiotów bardzo dynamiczne i elastyczne struktury organizacyjne, łatwo dostosowujące się do warunków zewnętrznych. W takim sensie firmy polonijne nie tylko stanowiły zupełne novum ustrojowe w systemie gospodarczym PRL, ale przede wszystkim funkcjonowały odmiennie, nie będąc częścią planu centralnego planisty oraz nie mając prezesów oraz dyrektorów z nominacji partyjnej PZPR. W wyniku preferencyjnych rozwiązań fiskalnych i administracyjnych w PRL przedsiębiorstwa polonijno-zagraniczne PPZ osiągały najwyższą stopę wzrostu sprzedaży i najszybszy rozwój organiczny w grupie przedsiębiorstw prywatnych.
XX
The initiative to set up companies with foreign capital in the People’s Republic of Poland derived from experiences in Yugoslavia and Hungary. Cooperation with businessmen of Polish origins satisfied both the demands of propaganda (it allowed for society to be shown the favour of the Diaspora groups in the West for the communist regime), and pragmatism (a ‘secure’ income, because capital of Polish origins in a foreign, exchangeable currency, along with Western ‘know how’, were very desirable commodities in the command economy of the People’s Republic). Entrepreneurs of the PPZ equipped their firms organisationally on a Western model. The management methods orientated towards profit and tax optimisation, import and use of technology and fixed assets from capitalist nations, and also the widespread application of marketing techniques made the entities extremely dynamic and elastic organisational structures, which were able to smoothly adapt to external conditions. In this sense not only did Diaspora firms constitute a complete political novelty in the economic system of Poland, but more importantly the operated differently, not being a part of the centrally planned economy, nor having directors or chairmen nominated by party officials. As a result of preferential fiscal and administrative solutions PPZ companies achieved the highest levels of sales growth and the most rapid organic development within the group of privately held enterprises
5
63%
EN
Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan gradually opened their markets to foreign investors. Before Poland’s accession to the European Union, the activities of Polish investors in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were based on bilateral treaties concluded by Poland with those countries. Later, except Turkmenistan, they were governed by the partnership and cooperation agreements between the European Communities and their Member States. Despite the ample investment opportunities and favourable conditions for access to the market, the activity of Polish companies in these markets has not produced a significant effect. Poland invested with more considerable success on the markets in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. It made investment attempts in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, leaving out Turkmenistan. The reason why Poland has a weak position in these markets is the distance between the partners and inability of Polish companies to effectively compete with large multinational companies which have been operating there for years. In the Kazakh market, good investment prospects are available for waste management, petrochemical, mining and road construction companies. In Kyrgyzstan, there are cooperation possibilities in the area of modern agricultural and processing technologies and establishment of fruit and vegetable processing enterprises. In Tajikistan, enterprises can invest in petroleum and natural gas extraction and exploitation, the fuel market, processing of precious metals and construction of conventional and hydroelectric power plants. In Turkmenistan, Polish companies can compete for road, railway and housing construction contracts, whereas in Uzbekistan they can invest in businesses covered by government tax reductions.
PL
Wydrukowano z dostarczonych Wydawnictwu UŁ gotowych materiałów
EN
The constant pursuit of competitiveness brings about that countries consider knowledge creation and high value-added activity very welcomed. Accordingly to it, FDI in R&D as one of the sources of increase those factors are strongly desired by any host country. The aim of this paper is to show the involvement of foreign investors in R&D activity in Poland. Analysis concentrates on three problems connected each other, namely: methodological issues of technology transfer related to R&D activity; size, state of affairs and utilization of polish research potential by foreign investors and legal issues related to encouragements in R&D activities. Empirical analysis indicates that since nineties last century transnational corporations took part relatively low in the sector of R&D and only now it is changing. Analysis of expenditures on R&D, structure of governmental R&D, employment in R&D activity and submitted patent applications in Poland and in Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) mode suggest strong connections of foreign affiliates with their parents companies. However, emerging recently brand new centers for R&D and increasing employment in the already existed one suggest that the earlier situation is changing. Gathering together issues related to research potential and legal aspects facilitating R&D activity this paper concentrates thus on explanation of this problem.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest rozwój inwestycji bezpośrednich za granicą jako przejaw współdziałania międzynarodowego przedsiębiorstw. Autor przedstawia złożony system uwarunkowań procesu decyzyjnego w przedsiębiorstwie inwestycyjnym. Podejmuje ocenę korzyści i strat inwestycji zagranicznych w mezo skali; korzyści dla gmin i regionów. Identyfikuje 8+8 korzyści, tj. osiem głównych bezpośrednich i osiem głównych pośrednich korzyści, jakie mogą zyskać społeczności lokalne i regionalne dzięki inwestycjom firm zagranicznych. Liście korzyści towarzyszy omówienie potencjalnych strat z tytułu obecności firm zagranicznych. Zastanawiając się nad determinantami atrakcyjności jednostek samorządowych dla potencjalnych inwestorów zagranicznych autor wyróżnia dwie podstawowe grupy czynników: czynniki zależne (zmienne) i czynniki niezależne (stałe lub względnie stałe).
EN
The subject of the paper's analysis is the investment processes carried out abroad as a sign of enterprises' becoming international companies. The author has presented the complex system of conditions of the flows of investment capital, including, apart from own internal motifs, also four additional groups of factors originating from the domestic and foreign environment. Foreign investments are treated in the paper as a phenomenon consisting of various aspects, implying specific advantages and losses for the interested towns and regions. The author proposes the 8+8 list of advantages related to foreign investments, i.e. eight direct and eight main indirect advantages. The list is accompanied by the enumeration of the most common negative consequences of the direct investments abroad. Investment attractiveness of a town (region) that is characterised by the conditions that are dependent (variable) and independent (fixed) from the kind of location, has been the subject of a thorough analysis of the paper.
PL
Celem pracy było przedstawienie otoczenia rynkowego przemysłu spożywczego, inwestycji i ekspansji zagranicznej. Otoczenie rynkowe w danym sektorze gospodarczym stanowi zasadnicze źródło szans i zagrożeń, atutów i słabości. W całej gospodarce Polskiej występował deficyt kapitału krajowego dlatego potrzebny był napływ kapitału od inwestorów zagranicznych. Najważniejszym napływem kapitału są bezpośrednie inwestycje, które posiadają bardzo ważne źródła finansowania procesów rozwojowych i restrukturyzacyjnych. Znaczący szybki rozwój polskiego eksportu rolno- spożywczego sugeruje, że firmy krajowe z branży spożywczej będą coraz więcej dokonywać inwestycji za granicą. Ekspansja zagraniczna dla polskich firm była zauważana dopiero w latach po akcesji. W Polsce udział produktów rolno- spożywczych w latach 2003-2013 w handlu zagranicznym znacząco wzrósł. W 2013 roku Polska znajdowała się na ósmym miejscu pośród państw Unii Europejskiej, biorąc do analizy eksport produktami rolno- spożywczymi. Odbiorcami polskich produktów rolno spożywczych są w przeważającym stopniu kraje Unii Europejskiej, do których kierowane jest około 80% eksportu rolno-spożywczego z Polski.
EN
The aim of the study was to present market environment, the food industry, investments and international expansion. The market environment in the economic sector is an essential source of opportunities and threats, strengths and weaknesses. In the Polish economy there was a deficit of domestic capital therefore an influx of capital from foreign investments was necessary. The most important inflow of capital are direct investments, which have a very important source of financing development and restructuring processes. Significant, rapid development of Polish agri-food exports suggests that domestic companies from the food sector will invest more and more abroad. Expansion abroad for Polish companies was noticed only in the years after joining the EU. In Poland, the share of agri-food products in the years 2003–2013 in foreign trade increased significantly. In 2013, Poland was on the eighth place among the European Union countries, when considering exports of agri-food products. The importers of Polish agricultural and food products are predominantly the countries of the European Union, which receive approximately 80% of agri-food exports from Poland.
RU
Целью данной работы было представление рыночного окружения продовольственной промышленности, инвестиций и заграничной экспансии. Рыночное окружение в данном секторе экономики является основным источником возможности и опасности, вероятности и слабости. Во всей Польской экономике существовал дефицит отечественного капитала, поэтому необходим был приток капитала от заграничных инвесторов. Главным притоком капитала являются непосредственные инвестиции, составляющие существенные притоки финансирования процессов развития и реструктуризации. Очень быстрое развитие польского аграрно-продовольственного экспорта указывает на то, что отечественные фирмы продовольственной отрасли планируют дальнейшее инвестирование за границей. Заграничная экспансия для польских фирм была замечена лишь в период после акцессии. В Польше участие аграрно-продовольственных продуктов в 2003-2013 годах во внешней торговле значительно возросло. В 2013 году Польша находилась на восьмом месте среди государств Европейского Союза, принимая во внимание анализ экспорта аграрно-продовольственных продуктов. Получателями польских сельскохозяйственных – продовольственных продуктов в преобладающей ступени были страны Европейского Союза, в которые направлялось около 80% аграрно-продовольственного экспорта из Польши.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.