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Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 20 stycznia 2017 r. (IV KK 438/16)

100%
Kulik M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)
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2017
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vol. 64
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issue 1
EN
The commentary concerns the assessment of the directness of going to the commission as the sign of the criminal attempt. The author criticizes the view of the Supreme Court, according to which the endeavor of the criminal attempt is to pose a direct danger to the interest protected by the law.
PL
Glosa dotyczy oceny bezpośredniości zmierzania do dokonania przy usiłowaniu. Autor krytykuje pogląd Sądu Najwyższego, zgodnie z którym cechą usiłowania jest spowodowanie bezpośredniego zagrożenia dla dobra prawnego.
2
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Separation as the Basic Method of Realistic Metaphysics: The Approach by the Lublin Philosophical School Representatives

84%
Duma T.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2021
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vol. 10
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issue 3
611-633
EN
The author discusses the problem of separation as the base method of metaphysical cognition as approached by the Lublin Philosophical School representatives. He begins by showing the sources of the method, seeing them in St. Thomas Aquinas’s intuitions which were discovered only in the 20th century by those who developed the existential interpretation of Aquinas’s metaphysics (J. Maritain, É. Gilson, M. A. Krąpiec). In this context, the author draws attention to the achievements of the creators and co-creators of the Lublin Philosophical School. They made an exceptional contribution to high-lighting the very bases of the separation method and its significance for the entire metaphysical cognition. From the perspective of metaphysics, the foremost and crucial is the application of separation for identifying the object of metaphysical cognition. At stake here is the determination of the first cognitive apprehension—that is, the grasp of what the intellect cognizes as the first (primum cognitum) and what was called in the tradition “being as being” or “the concept of being.” The separation method allows, first of all, to consider the existential aspect of being in cognitive apprehensions, which is accomplished in the three stages that start with and are based on the analysis of existential judgments. Next, the author describes the application of the separation method in other domains of existential cognition, showing how indispensable the method is in preserving such inherent features of this type of cognition as transcendentalness, directness, realism, and analogicalness.
3
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Kierunkowość procesów ewolucji

84%
Żuk L.
Filozofia i Nauka
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2019
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vol. 7/2
173-182
PL
Jednym z fundamentalnych problemów w naukach o ewolucji jest kierunek ewolucji na różnych poziomach organizacji materii. Zgodnie z tradycyjnymi interpretacjami teleologicznymi, ewoluujące układy powinny rozwijać się ku stanowi ostatecznemu – celowi. Jednak w większości przypadków taki cel jest nieokreślony; uczeni go nie znają. Jednak mogą oni odkryć ogólna tendencję lub serię zmian w czasie – teleonomię lub kierunkowość opartą głównie na wewnętrznym wzorcu ewoluującego układu, jednak modyfikowaną także przez oddziaływania z zewnątrz. Procesy teleonomiczne są odpowiedzialne za wszystkie procesy ewolucyjne włączając w to przejścia z jednego układu organizacji do innego.
EN
One of the fundamental problems in evolutionary sciences is the direction of evolution at different levels of matter organization. According to traditional teleological interpretations, the evolving systems should develop toward a final state—a goal. However, in most cases such a goal is not determinable—scientists do not know it. However, they can reveal a general tendency or a series of changes in time: a teleonomy or a directness based mainly upon an internal pattern of the evolving system although modified also by external influences. Teleonomical processes are responsible for all evolutionary processes including transitions from one level of organization to another.
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