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EN
The provisions on the disciplinary responsibility are set forth in legal acts, while lower level regulations cannot provide for the rules of proceeding, much less the rules of deciding on guild and punishment for deeds considered as disciplinary offence. In the previous legal act – after the Constitution of Poland of 2 April 1997 came into force – this rule was not obeyed. The provisions of the Act on the Supreme Audit Office of 23 December 1994 set out the rules of responsibility in a limited way. The amendments to the Act on NIK resulted in significant changes in the disciplinary proceedings. A new chapter has been added to the Act – Chapter 4a – that sets forth the rules of disciplinary responsibility of nominated auditors. The regulations in the field comprised in the Act are in accordance with the constitutional standards. Simultaneously, the Act has introduced several modifications that should improve the proceedings in disciplinary cases.
EN
The author attempts to resolve the issue of the admissibility of the extension of parliamentary immunity to include disciplinary (professional) responsibility of the Deputy for actions taken in connection with the exercise of the mandate. He claims that material immunity (non‑liability) enshrined in the Constitution and developed by the Act on the Exercise of the Mandate of a Deputy or Senator, also applies to the professional activity of the Deputy, provided that such activities fall within the “scope of the mandate”, as referred to in Article 105 of the Constitution. In the conclusion, he stresses that the Deputy being at the same time an advocate accounts to the Sejm for the activities falling within the scope of the mandate.
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EN
Disciplinary proceedings are these of repressive nature wherein penalties which limit the freedom and rights of a guilty person can be adjudicated. Such pro-ceedings are diversified and have no pattern for developing models of the disci-plinary responsibility of particular professions, including professions of public confidence. By focusing on the diversification of disciplinary proceedings, in-cluding the rules of such proceedings in particular models, the authoress opts for uniforming rules of the proceedings. She considers it necessary and possible to define basic rules of disciplinary proceedings which can be referred to while developing a code of disciplinary proceedings or different models of proceed-ings for particular occupation groups or professions. The article postulates rules which, according to the authoress, seem to be fundamental while not necessarily fit for all types of disciplinary proceedings. She notes that her suggestions are to be a proposal for the further discussion on developing standards of reliable pro-cedures in disciplinary proceedings.
EN
Poland's regaining independence was connected, among other things, with the organizational arrangement of many services, including the current Police force. On the basis of their hierarchical subordination, the structure, rules of operation, consequently the duties and rights of their members - officers, but also employees who were not officers, called "civil servants", were created. These rights also included the right to promotion, which in the hierarchical system of subordination determines the position of a given officer. The promotion in terms of the position or rank is an expression not only of the culture of a given organisation, but first of all it poses new challenges and duties to the officer - the honour and privilege of managing the force, an organisational unit, an organisational department or finally, and by many put on the first place (the author fully supports this issue) - the possibility of managing people belonging to a given organisational structure. It is an honour and privilege that only a few can have. By the time this happens, however, they have to meet certain formal requirements, which have evolved dramatically over the last century. The aim of this study (which in the future will be the beginning of a comprehensive approach) is to indicate the outline of the requirements in principle, on the basis of the original legal acts concerning the pragmatics of police officers, legally binding in the last century. The author is fully aware of the fact that the quoted legal acts were subject to amendments and he points out the most important ones in his opinion.
Ethics in Progress
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 2
97-109
EN
The paper deals with the disciplinary responsibility of judges for obvious and flagrant legal misconduct. A model of the aforementioned responsibility in the Polish law has been presented. The problems deliberated upon include: the moral justification of punishing judges for mentioned disciplinary delicts and critical evaluation of Supreme Court view about this responsibility. A question is asked about reconsidering the interpretation of obvious and flagrant legal misconduct according to modern times and the complicated social and law reality.
PL
Celem opracowania jest omówienie wybranych zagadnień odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej w służbie cywilnej. Do zagadnień tych należą: forma prawna czynności podejmowanych w postępowaniu wyjaśniającym i dyscyplinarnym, prawnoprocesowa funkcja zawiadomienia o wszczęciu postępowania wyjaśniającego, postępowanie dowodowe, zakończenie postępowania wyjaśniającego oraz dodatkowe czynności rzecznika dyscyplinarnego w postępowaniu dyscyplinarnym. Autorzy podkreślają znaczenie procedury dla prawidłowego ustalenia odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej członków korpusu służby cywilnej, a także sygnalizują potrzebę rozpoczęcia krytycznej analizy funkcjonowania obowiązujących rozwiązań w omawianym zakresie.
EN
This study seeks to discuss selected aspects of disciplinary responsibility in the Polish Civil Service, namely the legal form of activity engaged in the course of explanatory or disciplinary proceedings; the function as regards the legal process served by the notice of initiation of explanatory proceedings; the evidentiary hearing; the completion of explanatory proceedings; and additional activity on the part of a disciplinary advocate in disciplinary proceedings. The authors stress the importance of procedure in the due and correct determination of disciplinary responsibility on the part of members of the Civil Service Corps; as well as signal the need for a critical analysis of the functioning of relevant solutions currently in force.
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2018
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vol. 63
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issue 5 (382)
108-124
EN
Abuse of power is one of the most frequent charges against public officials. In accordance with Article 231 of the Criminal Code, it relies on contravention of rights or negligence of duties by persons employed in the public administration. The Code refers to “right or duty” with regard to their contravention or negligence. It does not contain, however, any guidance to facilitate the interpretation of this provision. In his article, the author presents an analysis of the judicature that may help define the actual scope of responsibility by public officials.
PL
In the judgment with commentaries, the Provincial Administrative Court in Opole made a statement concerning the penalty of expulsion from a higher education institution as a disciplinary penalty declared only by disciplinary committees. From the point of view of the judgment with commentaries, it is of importance to specify that this penalty is not of “life-long” nature, nor dśs it result in deprivation of the right to study in other institutions. The author approves of the position held by the judgment with commentaries and claims it to be an accurate and significant voice of the judiciary, which may prove substantial in eliminating legal ambiguities (and absurdities) arising as a result of applying the provisions of law in regard to responsibilities of higher education students, drawing attention to the incomplete and insufficient form of the provision of the relevant legal regulation.  
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest problematyka strony podmiotowej deliktu dyscyplinarnego. Celem artykułu jest określenie charakteru prawnego i struktury deliktu dyscyplinarnego. Jego zrealizowanie wymaga odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy odpowiedzialność dyscyplinarna jest rodzajem odpowiedzialności umownej, czy też realizacją zadania zleconego przez państwo lub realizacją państwowego prawa karania (a więc jest odpowiedzialnością o charakterze publicznoprawnym). W pracy omówiono podstawowe założenia związane z deliktami dyscyplinarnym sensu largo (w szerokim tego słowa znaczeniu).
EN
The subject of this article is the subject matter of the subjective disciplinary tort. The aim of the article is to determine the legal nature and structure of the disciplinary tort. Attaining such an aim requires answering a question whether disciplinary responsibility is a kind of a contractual responsibility (therefore it is a responsibility incorporated in the private law) or whether it is an implementation of a task commissioned by state, realization of state penalty law (hence it is a responsibility of a public legal nature). The study discusses the fundamental assumptions related to sport disciplinary torts of the largo sense (in the broad sense).
EN
The article is the issue of disciplinary responsibility in a historical perspective. This issue was already developed earlier by Professor Zbigniew Leoński in his book concerning disciplinary responsibility from 1959. So this article is merely a komplement of these findings taking into account the earliest times (antiquity) and the latest (second half of the twentieth century) which professor Z. Leoński did not include or could not have included in his study. In the remaining field the most important findings of professor Z. Leoński were appointed.
PL
Artykuł obejmuje syntetyczne przedstawienie przepisów prawnych i zasad stosowania odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej członka korpusu służby cywilnej, jego prawa i obowiązki, kary oraz zasady postępowania dyscyplinarnego przed organami I i II instancji oraz postępowania odwoławczego.
EN
Article titled ,,The legal nature of the disciplinary responsibility of the civil service member” describes the articles and regulations for the application of disciplinary responsibility of the civil service member, his rights and obligations, penalties, and rules of disciplinary proceedings before the First and Second instance and appeal proceedings.
PL
The main aim of the paper is to discuss legal frames of disciplinary liability of students under the Higher Education and Science Act of 20 July 2018. Assuming that disciplinary liability constitutes a type of sensu largo penal liability, the stress is put on the shortcomings of current regulations in terms of the limits of this kind of legal responsibility. Since the definition of ‘disciplinary misconduct’ is partial, the author concentrates on whether the provision requiring disciplinary bodies to apply – mutatis mutandis – the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure in matters not governed by the Higher Education and Science Act, enables (or even obliges respective authorities) to apply provisions contained in chapters I-III of Criminal Code.
EN
The subject of the study is to present the genesis and development of legal regulations, which create the so-called honorary responsibility. It included improper behavior of soldiers and officers of uniformed services both during and outside the performance of official duties, and the basis for such regulation was the legislator’s desire to protect the personal goods of the armed forces, both the armed forces and individual uniformed services. The analysis of the relevant pragmatic regulations proved that this particular type of responsibility was initially borne only by the officers of the armed forces and uniformed services, and only at the end of the 1950 -s the legislator extended it to all soldiers and officers, in order to completely reverse this tendency after about half a century by taking over of these behaviors with classic disciplinary responsibility
PL
Przedmiotem opracowania jest przedstawienie genezy i rozwoju uregulowań prawnych, kreujących odrębną od odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej za naruszenie obowiązków służbowych tzw. odpowiedzialność honorową. Obejmowała ona niewłaściwe zachowania żołnierzy i funkcjonariuszy służb mundurowych zarówno w trakcie wykonywania obowiązków służbowych, jak i poza nimi, zaś u podstaw takiego unormowania legło dążenie ustawodawcy do ochrony dóbr osobistych zarówno sił zbrojnych, jak i poszczególnych służb mundurowych. Analiza stosownych uregulowań pragmatycznych dowiodła, że ten szczególny rodzaj odpowiedzialności ponosili początkowo tylko oficerowie sił zbrojnych i służb mundurowych i dopiero pod koniec lat 50. ustawodawca rozciągnął ją na wszystkich żołnierzy i funkcjonariuszy, aby z kolei po upływie około półwiecza całkowicie odwrócić tę tendencję przez objęcie tych zachowań klasyczną odpowiedzialnością dyscyplinarną.
PL
The aim of the article is to discuss the principles of liability for minor disciplinary offenses under the Higher Education and Science Act of 20 July 2018. The article presents the principles of administering admonition for the lightest of student offenses, provided for in the higher education legal acts from the interwar period to the current regulations. The author asks a question about the nature of this responsibility – disciplinary or orderrelated, and also refers to other doubts arising from the wording of the current provisions. In the article, the author also includes de lege ferenda postulates.
PL
Dwie okoliczności: niesprawny system ochrony prawnej oraz kontrowersyjne przypadki zaniechania egzekwowania odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów, stały się podstawą uzasadnienia zmian w przepisach o odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej sędziów. Nowe rozwiązania charakteryzują się m.in. ograniczeniem niezależności władzy sądowniczej i poddaniem jej większej kontroli ze strony władzy ustawodawczej i wykonawczej. U podstawy tego przedsięwzięcia znajduje się teza, że sądy nie są równorzędnym, względem innych władz, reprezentantem Suwerena, a ich dotychczasowe prawa (poza sprawowaniem wymiaru sprawiedliwości) powinny być zawężone, ponieważ zostały przez sędziów nadużyte. Część sędziów i przedstawicieli jurysprudencji odrzuca tę argumentację wskazując, że zmiany nie służą deklarowanym celom poprawy funkcjonalności sądów i przestrzegania prawa przez sędziów, lecz skutkują ograniczeniem prawa obywatela do niezależnego sądu. W tych warunkach powstał spór, jak powinien zachować się sędzia, jeżeli ustawa o odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej zakazuje mu prawa do krytyki oraz do prawnej weryfikacji przepisów pozbawiających go gwarancji niezależności i niezawisłości. Czy ustawowe zasady odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej decydują także o wszystkich zasadach odpowiedzialności władzy sądowniczej? Jak przestawia się ta sytuacja w momencie różnicy zdań między przedstawicielami władzy ustawodawczej i wykonawczej, a przedstawicielami władzy sądowniczej, na temat interpretacji zasady prawa obywatela do sądu oraz samego pojęcia „niezależność sądu”. Pomocne w odpowiedzi jest przybliżenie prawnej i doktrynalnej argumentacji, na którą powołują się obie strony. Może być to też przydatne dla ustalenia czy egzekwowanie nowych zasad odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej zakończy obecny kryzys w stosunkach między sądami i pozostałymi władzami, czy przeciwnie - zainicjuje kolejny jego etap.
EN
Two circumstances: ineffective legal protection system and controversial cases of abandonment of enforcement of judges’ disciplinary liability have become a basis for justifying amendments to regulations on judges’ disciplinary liability. New solutions are characterised by, among other features, the limiting of the independence of the judiciary and subjecting it to increased control exercised by the legislature and the executive. The rationale behind these changes is to be sought for in a claim that courts of law are not a representative of the people which can be considered qual to the other authorities and that, therefore, having been abused by judges, the rights they have enjoyed hitherto (other than the administration of justice) should be constrained. Some judges and representatives of the jurisprudence reject this argumentation pointing out that rather than being conducive to the declared goals of improving the functioning of courts and of judges’ observance of law, the amendments result in the limiting of the citizen’s right to an independent tribunal. In these circumstances, a dispute has arisen over how a judge should act if the law on disciplinary liability prohibits their right to criticise or legally verify regulations depriving them of the guarantee of independence and impartiality. Do the statutable principles of disciplinary liability also determine all the principles of the judiciary liability? What if there is a difference of opinions between the representatives of the legislature and the executive versus those of the judiciary concerning an interpretation of the citizen’s right to a tribunal and of the notion of “independence of a tribunal”? Analysing the legal and doctrinal argumentation offered by both parties may facilitate answering these questions. This approach may also prove useful in determining whether enforcing the new principles of disciplinary liability will resolve the current crisis in the relationship between courts and the other authorities or, on the contrary, initiate its further stage.
PL
The article is devoted to the issue of the legal status of the victim in proceedings as to disciplinary responsibility of students. The rights of the victim in both the explanatory proceedings and the proceedings before disciplinary commission have been presented. Problems occurring in the practice of disciplinary bodies as well as ways of solving them have been indicated. Many de lege ferenda proposals have been also been formulated.
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2015
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vol. 10
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issue 12 (1)
81-101
EN
Jehovah's Witnesses are one of the most informed groups of patients who know their rights and responsibilities of the medical personnel. In a situation when their right to self-determination in medical matters is violated, they often make use of opportunities to assert their rights in court. In this article the Author analyzes the legal provision related to physician responsibility for medical treatment performing without prior patient consent, and presents three types of responsibility that may be incurred by medical personnel for unlawful action - criminal, civil and disciplinary.
PL
This article is an attempt to answer the question about legal and axiological aspects of disciplinary responsibility with the use of an example of higher education. Tradition of disciplinary responsibility and university ethics are rich and go back to Middle Ages. It is based on conviction that an academic community are shared interests, values and duties. The university believes that the member of this community must take responsibility for their own conduct. For many centuries it remained a vital idea. The recent reforms have extended significantly the scope of application of criminal law in disciplinary cases. At this point in time the most important problem is to maintain an appropriate balance between statutory law and unwritten law.
EN
In this article selected relationships occurring between the sociology of law and disciplinary law were analyzed. They show the convergence and complementarity of interests of both of these areas of law. Research methods developed in the field of sociology of law can be an excellent tool for research on legal nature of disciplinary responsibility and the problems that arise in this area open up new opportunities for the interests of the sociology of law.
PL
De lege lata pojęcie „nieskazitelnego charakteru” stanowi zasadnicze kryterium, na podstawie którego polski ustawodawca weryfikuje etyczną kompetencję sędziów. Autorka podkreśla, że w demokratycznym państwie prawnym potrzebni są nie tylko sędziowie o dobrym charakterze, ale potrafiący argumentować, co jest dobre (etyczne). W trudnych przypadkach szlachetny i mądry sędzia może łagodzić ułomne prawa. Publikacja ma na celu wskazać, że zdolność do ważenia wartości to konieczna cecha dobrego sędziego. Autorka rozważa pojęcie „dzielności etycznej” jako podstawę prawną dla wychowania mądrych sędziów, umiejących znaleźć złoty środek w sporach etycznych na wokandzie.
EN
The concept of an "unblemished character" is the basic criterion by means of which the Polish legislature verifies the ethical competence of judges. The author emphasises what is needed in the democtartic rule of law - judges of good character, who are capable of arguing what is ethically right. In hard cases, a wise and noble judge can improve an imperfect law. This article aims to demonstrate that an ability to scrutinise opposing positions is an essential disposition of a judge. The author considers the concept of “moral virtue” as a legal basis for the education of judges towards an ability to find the golden mean, despite contradictory arguments.
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