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Progress in Health Sciences
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2012
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vol. 2
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issue 1
162-170
EN
Some historical accomplishments and discoveries made by medical students were achieved due to their talents, luck, observation, serendipity and "sudden unexplained understanding" of the fact, and also, due to proper atmosphere and encouragement induced by their mentor/ director/teacher.
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Singlet oxygen discovery

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EN
Introduction. Singlet oxygen is perfectly suited to interact with biological macromolecules and cellular composition. Aim. The goal was to present an information about singlet oxygen discovery. Material and methods. In this article a narrative review regarding singlet oxygen discovery. Analysis of the literature. The desire to summarize information about generation and basic application of singlet oxygen is presented. Conclusion. The history of singlet oxygen is well documented in literature.
EN
The article presents the results of own research, which were aimed at verifying whether and to what extent children initiate a free and spontaneous research and discovery activity in contact with everyday objects and waste materials. Research problems were formulated regarding heuristic strategies manifested in the course of children's play with everyday objects, cognitive activities in heuristic play and typologies of creative attitudes revealed in this kind of play. The observation method was used in the studies. The obtained empirical data allowed for the identification and determination of cognitive activities and types of creative attitudes manifesting in the heuristic play taken by children. The conclusions from the research indicate that fun creates the possibility of not only researching or discovering new properties, functions, features or essence of objects, but also enables shaping various creative skills of children, which manifests itself in specific types of creative attitudes. The typologies chosen and the proposed solutions can be fair in the process of learning and diagnosing the child's development as well as his work in pre-school education.
EN
The main purpose of this article is to show some processes of the growth of knowledge. An astrophysical case: a problem of planets around pulsars formation is studied. In the first part reasons for taking this problem are presented. Then some historical facts about discoveries of planets around pulsars are mentioned. The paper focuses on three cases: PSR1257+12, PSR1620-26 and PSR J 1719-1438. In second part of the article the changes in the theoretical point of view, which occured during the last twenty years, are presented. At the end the attempt is made to describe the process of the growth of the planets around pulsars within the framework of formation.
EN
This paper is devoted to the Polish leniency programme, including the conditions of obtaining lenient treatment and the applicable procedure. The type, scope and form of information that must be submitted are commented on as well as the marker system and summary applications. The intersection of the leniency scheme with private enforcement of antitrust rules is discussed in detail. Special attention is devoted to the possible ways in which private antitrust plaintiffs might access information submitted to the UOKiK by leniency applicants. Thoroughly analysed are the rules regulating the possibility of obtaining relevant documents from the UOKiK and from the defendant in the course of civil proceedings as well as the status of the administrative decision in subsequent civil litigation. The paper covers also the scope of the leniency recipient’s civil liability and touches upon the possible ways in which it could be limited to enhance the effectiveness of the leniency scheme. Some suggestions de lege ferenda are also provided concerning the means of increasing this effectiveness without prejudice to the private parties’ right to compensation.
EN
The text starts with the assumption that a mistake understood in various ways can serve cognition on many levels. Examples from the field of aesthetics and contemporary art are described and interpreted. It is picturesqueness as a beauty “spoiled” by a mistake constituting an aesthetic value, an accidental breakage of Marcel Duchamp's The Large Glass revealing an order different to the ordinary course of events and time, distortions in Stan Brakhage's structural film paradoxically revealing love, demonstrating cognitive imperfection of the senses in the interactive video staging of Samuel Beckett's Breath and in illusion constructed in Olafur Eliasson's Weather Project, critical use of ugliness to expose and criticize the system by Leon Golub's "bad drawing style", ironic music video by Laibach, or a subversive film by Martin Arnold, imbalances creating non-ordinary spaces in M. C. Esher's graphics, and errors programming new orders in the digital world of Jared Tarbell, and finally non-places exposed in in the "bad style" photographs of Edward Ruscha or used in installations by Grzegorz Sztabiński. Deliberate distortions, deformations, errors, mistakes, imperfections, accepted randomness or "parasitism" present in these works are presented as inquiries concerning cognitive possibilities and searches leading to the disclosure of spaces and orders different from those experienced daily, in which one can see the striving to achieve metaphysical cognition.
EN
The paper explores the changes the EU Directive on harmonizing certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions will bring about in Hungary, with a special focus placed on damages liability rules, the interaction of public and private enforcement of these rules, and the importance of class actions. Amendments of the Competition Act introduced in 2005 and 2009 had created new rules to promote the idea of private enforcement even before the Directive was adopted. Some of these rules remain unique even now, notably the legal presumption of a 10% price increase for cartel cases. However, subsequent cases decided by Hungarian courts did not reflect the sophistication of existing substantive and procedural rules. There has only ever been one judgment awarding damages, while most stand-alone cases involved minor competition law issues relating to contractual disputes. The paper looks at the most important substantial rules of tort law (damage, causality, joint and several liability), the co-operation of competition authorities and civil courts, as well as at (the lack of) class action procedures from the perspective of the interaction of public and private enforcement of competition law.
FR
Le document analyse les changements apportés par la directive européenne relative aux certaines règles régissant les actions en dommages et intérêts en droit national pour les infractions aux dispositions du droit de la concurrence en Hongrie, en particulier concernant les règles sur la responsabilité civile en matière de dommages, l’interaction de l’application publique et privée du droit de la concurrence et l'importance des recours collectifs. Les modifications à loi de la concurrence introduites en 2005 et 2009 ont créé de nouvelles règles pour promouvoir l'idée d'une application privée du droit de la concurrence même avant que la directive a été adoptée. Certaines de ces dispositions sont toujours uniques, notamment la présomption légale d'une augmentation de prix de 10% par les ententes. Néanmoins, les jugements ultérieurs rendus par les tribunaux ne reflétaient pas les règles de fond et de procédures sophistiquées. Il n’y avait juste le jugement qui a accordé des dommages et intérêts, alors que la plupart des actions autonomes (« stand-alone actions ») portaient sur des problèmes secondaires du droit de la concurrence liés aux conflits contractuels. L’article examine des règles les plus importantes du droit de la responsabilité civile (le dommage, la causalité, la responsabilité solidaire), la coopération entre les autorités de la concurrence et les tribunaux civils, ainsi que l’absence de mécanisme de recours collectifs et de la perspective de l’application publique et privée du droit de la concurrence.
PL
W artykule poruszono problematykę ujawnień środków trwałych, w szczególności obiektów infrastruktury leśnej, w których przeważającą część stanowią drogi leśne. Zdarzenia gospodarcze oraz ich ewidencja jakimi są ujawnienia dróg leśnych zostały opisane w oparciu o analizę literatury oraz obowiązujące akty prawa. Praktyka wskazuje, że środki trwałe ujawnione w przedsiębiorstwie w trakcie inwentaryzacji, powodują trudności w prawidłowym ich zaewidencjonowaniu w księgach rachunkowych. Szczególną grupę obiektów leśnych, które nie są w większości przypadków objęte ewidencją księgową stanowią drogi leśne, służące w znacznym stopniu działalności leśnej (pozyskanie drewna, ochrona, hodowla lasu). W niniejszym artykule, na podstawie literatury przedmiotu, obowiązujących ustaw, rozporządzeń oraz wewnętrznych uregulowań prawnych obowiązujących w Państwowym Gospodarstwie Leśnym Lasy Państwowe (na przykładzie wybranych nadleśnictw jednej z Regionalnych Dyrekcji Lasów Państwowych), przedstawiono przyczyny ujawnień środków trwałych oraz sposoby ich ujęcia w księgach rachunkowych. Zaprezentowane w artykule metody wyceny odniesiono do ewidencji dróg leśnych posiadających odrębną identyfikację według planu kont Państwowego Gospodarstwa Leśnego Lasy Państwowe. W Państwowym Gospodarstwie Leśnym Lasy Państwowe w ewidencji środków trwałych ujmowane są te drogi leśne, które zostały przekazane nieodpłatnie lub w formie darowizny, powstałe w wyniku budowy albo przebudowy. Pozostała część infrastruktury leśnej (drogi), nieobjęta ewidencją księgową, stanowi grunty leśne związane z gospodarką leśną.
EN
The article touches upon the issue of disclosing tangible assets, and especially the objects being part of the forestial infrastructure the overwhelming part of which are the forestial trails. The economic events and the listing of those that the disclosures of the forestial trails are have been described based on an analysis of the literature and the legislative acts currently in force. The practice shows that the tangible assets disclosed at an enterprise at the time of taking inventory constitute, in the face of the superior principles of the accounting act, an unconsolidated legal interpretation, thus causing a difficulty as regards to the correct listing of the transactions under the accounting books. A particular group of the forestial objects which in most cases are not subject to listing under the accounting books are the forestial trails which, to a far extent, serve the forestial activities (obtainment of wood and protection and cultivation of the forest). Based on the literature studied, the legal acts currently in force, ordinances, the internal legal regulations in force at the State Forests National Forest Holding, and also on the basis of select forest districts belonging to one of the Regional Directorates of the State Forests, presented have been the reasons for the disclosures of the tangible assets and the ways of listing them under the accounting books. The appraisal methods presented in the article are a mimicry of the way of listing the forestial trails that are identified separately in the cost and funding estimates, in compliance with the State Forests National Forest Holding account plan concerning as to how and on which accounts individual economic operations are to be booked. In the listing of the tangible assets belonging to State Forests National Forest Holding disclosed are those of the forestial trails that have been passed into possession free of charge, as a donation, or have come into existence as a result of a construction or reconstruction process. The remaining part of the forestial infrastructure (i.e. roads), which is not subject to listing under the accounting books, constitutes the forestial grounds associated with the forestial management.
9
51%
EN
The authors of the article attempted to characterize what the manager of tomorrow should look like. First, the manager’s role in the organization was indicated and he characterized managerial skills. The principles of ethical behavior were discussed and the importance of the manager’s ethical role in management was discussed. Next, the image of the manager of tomorrow was determined, indicating that his real strength would be manifested in his abilities, skills and creativity understood as discovering, organizing and planning. They also pointed to the skills and characteristics of managers, pointing out that they must be resistant to fatigue and able to perform differentiated tasks in non-standard working hours. In addition, managers must want to, be able to and enjoy interacting with other people. They should also be able to deliberately dispose of their personal resources and use them for the organization.
PL
Autorzy artykułu podjęli w nim próbę charakterystyki, jak powinien wyglądać menadżer jutra. Najpierw wskazano rolę menadżera w organizacji oraz scharakteryzowano umiejętności menadżerskie. Omówiono zasady etycznego zachowania i przedstawiono jak istotna jest rola etyki menadżera w zarządzaniu. Następnie określono wizerunek menadżera jutra wskazując, że jego prawdziwa siła będzie się przejawiać w jego zdolnościach, umiejętnościach i kreatywności rozumianej jako odkrywanie, porządkowanie oraz planowanie. Wskazano również na umiejętności i cechy menadżerów zwracając uwagę, że muszą być oni odporni na zmęczenie i zdolni do wykonywania zróżnicowanych zadań w nienormowanym czasie pracy. Ponadto menedżerowie muszą chcieć, umieć i lubić oddziaływać na innych ludzi. Powinni także umieć celowo dysponować swoimi osobistymi zasobami i używać ich na rzecz organizacji.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań w artykule jest problem związku myślenia twórczego z procedurami metodologicznymi. Jest on rozpatrywany na konkretnym przykładzie postulowanego przez metodologię teorii ugruntowanej przypadku bezpośredniego generowania pojęć wprost z danych, interpretowanego jako egzemplifikacja myślenia abdukcyjnego. Omówione zostały zaproponowane przez badaczy z kręgu metodologii teorii ugruntowanej procedury wspomagające kreatywność (odkrywanie): dwoisty charakter myślenia – racjonalny i swobodny (Karen Locke), usuwanie blokad kreatywności i nastawienie „cierpliwości” (Barney G. Glaser) oraz techniki teoretycznych porównań i zadawania pytań (Anselm L. Strauss).
EN
In the paper the problem of relationship between creative thinking and methodological procedures is discussed. It is dealt with as a specific example of a concepts generation from data (accordingly with postulates of the grounded theory methodology) interpreted as an exemplification of abductive thinking. There are some procedures aimed to enhance creativity (discovery) proposed by the grounded theorists that are discussed in the paper such as: double-thinking – rational and free-playing (Karen Locke), removal of creativity blocks and attitude of “patience” (Barney G. Glaser), and techniques of theoretical comparisons and questioning (Anselm L. Strauss).
11
51%
PL
Artykuł dotyczy rękopisu Etyki Spinozy znalezionego w Watykańskiej Bibliotece Apostolskiej i opublikowanego przez L. Spruita i P. Totaro w książce The Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza’s Ethica (2011). Identyfikacja tekstu stała się możliwa w wyniku żmudnego badania, w którym istotną rolę odegrało nazwisko duńskiego uczonego N. Stensena, autora jednego z listów wydawanych zwykle w zbiorach korespondencji Spinozy. Rękopis Vat. Lat. 12 838 jest jedyną znaną dziś edytorską kopią rękopisów Spinozy, a jego powstanie datuje się na 1675 r., tj. przed publikacją Opera posthuma. Porównanie jego treści z opublikowaną w 1677 r. Etyką wskazuje na wiele różnic, wśród których olbrzymia część ma charakter typowych pomyłek, istniejących przypuszczalnie albo w rękopisie Spinozy, albo w kopii edytorskiej, albo też wprowadzonych do tekstu przez składacza i nieusuniętych w korekcie wydawniczej. Wydawcy podkreślają jednak, że pewne różnice zapisu mają znaczenie merytoryczne dla interpretacji tekstu Spinozjańskiej Etyki. Opisując historię rękopisu i okoliczności, w jakich trafił on do zbiorów Świętego Oficjum, stamtąd zaś do Biblioteki Watykańskiej, stawiają też hipotezy dotyczące obiegu rękopisów Spinozy w okresie, gdy jego nazwisko objęte było zapisami cenzury w związku z publikacją Traktatu teologiczno-politycznego.
EN
The article focuses on Spinoza’s manuscript found in The Vatican Apostolic Library and published by L. Spruit and P. Totaro in the book The Vatican Manuscript of Spinoza’s Ethica (2011). The identification of the text became possible as the result of their arduous research in which the name of a Danish scientist N. Stensen, the author of several letters usually published in the collections of Spinoza’s letters, played a crucial part. The manuscript Vat. Lat. 12 838 is the only known editorial copy of Spinoza’s manuscripts and its origins are dated as early as 1675, i.e. before the publication of Opera posthuma. The comparison of its contents with the Ethics, published in 1677, points to many differences, most of which are typical mistakes, occurring probably either in Spinoza’s manuscript, or in the editorial copy, or else made by the typesetter and not expunged during the editorial proofreading. However, the editors emphasize the importance of some substantive differences of the text for the interpretation of Spinoza’s Ethics. The history of the manuscript and the circumstance it found its way to the library of The Holy Office and thence to the Vatican Apostolic Library enabled the editors to put forward some hypotheses concerning the circulation of Spinoza’s manuscripts in the period when the censure was issued against him after the publication of the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus.
EN
The goal of this article is to highlight the role of a school, here understood as an educational facility, during the course of parental rights termination proceedings. There can be no doubt that the process of upbringing, especially the domestic factors and intense stimulus to which the child is subjected translate into patterns of behaviour and the way the child functions at school. Notably, prolonged learn-ing difficulties among children or periods in which the child presents complete disregard for societal norms and a lack of discipline should be a clear signal for the teachers and counsellors to review the family environment of the pupil in question. The article covers data regarding the school’s participation in the parental rights termination proceedings – e.g. opinions and recommendations formulated by the schools, teacher’s testimonies and children scorecards which reflect the educational progress of the child. The materials used include source materials (acts and ordinances, written opinions, Supreme and common court rulings), results of own research – casefile review based on a targeted casefile research questionnaire.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie roli, jaką odgrywa szkoła, rozumiana jako instytucja oświatowo-wychowawcza, w postępowaniach o pozbawienie władzy rodzicielskiej. Nie budzi wątpliwości, że w procesie wychowawczym czynniki i bodźce środowiska domowego, które najintensywniej wpływają na dziecko, przekładają się na jego funkcjonowanie w szkole. W szczególności długotrwałe problemy małoletniego z nauką bądź stwarzane przez niego trudności wychowawcze powinny stanowić dla nauczycieli i pedagogów sygnał do potrzeby wglądu w środowisko rodzinne ucznia. Dlatego też w niniejszym artykule zostały przedstawione dane dotyczące udziału szkoły w postępowaniu o pozbawienie władzy rodzicielskiej, tj. opinie sporządzane przez szkoły, zeznania nauczycieli w charakterze świadków oraz postępy w nauce osiągane przez małoletnich. Wykorzystano materiały źródłowe (m.in. akty prawne, piśmiennictwo prawnicze, orzecznictwo Sądu Najwyższego i sądów powszechnych) oraz wyniki badań własnych aktowych uzyskane przy pomocy narzędzia badawczego w postaci kwestionariusza do badania akt sądowych.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to present a biography of Jan Czochralski – one of the world famous scientist of the twentieth century. His main discovery was a method of obtaining single crystals or monocrystalline; the method is nowadays used for production of VLSI/ ULSI circuits. After the Second World War, Czochralski was accused of collaboration with the Germans. The accusation was groundless. In 2019, the Czochralski Method received the IEEE Milestone Award.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie sylwetki Jana Czochralskiego, światowej sławy naukowca XX w. Jego głównym osiągnięciem było wynalezienie metody uzyskiwania monokryształów, do dziś stosowanej w produkcji układów scalonych wielkiej skali integracji. Po zakończeniu II wojny światowej Czochralski całkowicie bezpostawnie został oskarżony o kolaborację z Niemcami. W 2019 r. the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers przyznał metodzie Czochralskiego najwyższej rangi miano Milestone (Kamień Milowy).
Human Affairs
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2013
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vol. 23
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issue 4
606-615
EN
I propose the next steps in the neuropragmatic approach to philosophy that has been advocated by Solymosi and Shook (2013). My focus is the initial process of inquiry implicit in addressing philosophical questions of cognition and mind by utilizing the tools of neuroscientific research. I combine John Dewey’s pattern of inquiry with Charles Peirce’s three forms of inference in order to outline a methodological schema for neuropragmatic inquiry. My goal is to establish ignorance and guessing as well-defined pillars of methodology upon which to build a neuropragmatic approach to inquiry. First, I outline Dewey’s pattern of inquiry, highlighting the initial problematic phase in which recognized ignorance provides the basis upon which to frame a philosophical problem and initiate the trajectory by which philosophical questions may be addressed with the assistance of neuroscientific evidence. Second, I provide an outline of Peirce’s three forms of inference, focusing upon the first phase of abduction: guessing. Third, I explain the transition between ignorance and guessing, urging the benefit of attending to these two aspects of inquiry. Finally, I provide an initial sketch indicating the next steps concerning a pragmatic reconstruction of neurophilosophy, pointing towards the need for a more thorough examination of scientific methodology within and following analyses of philosophical problems and neuroscientific evidence.
EN
Truth is a central concept in human thought. The philosophical reflection on the relationship to the human world and to reality was therefore always, directly or indirectly, a reflection on the meaning of the concept of truth. The question of the meaning of truth and of the conditions for human relation to truth has long been a fundamental question for philosophy because philosophy stands for the idea that human life as a whole is oriented towards truth, that is, for the idea of the life in critical responsibility. For Heidegger the question of truth is neither the question of the logical conditions of the statement about truth nor the question of beings, but the question of the truth of beings and the truth of being itself.
EN
The contribution resumes the history of the name California from its first apparition in the chivalric romance “e Adventures of Esplandián” of Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo (published in 1510) where it denoted a mythic island. The name was applied by the soldiers of Cortés to the territory that nowadays corresponds to Cabo San Lucas. The author then investigates the cartography, where the name appeared since the second half of the 16th century in the south, and was slowly extending to the whole of the peninsula and the gulf. The territory more to the north had for a long time been presented as Costa del Mar del Sur (Coast of the South Sea). The giving of the name of California also to this northern territory was a result of an error of Fray Antonio de la Ascensión (1620) who thought of this region as part of the island of California, bounded by the Strait of Anián. This error spread thanks to the cartographers until the middle of the 18th century. In the meantime, as the fact that this territory is a peninsula was confirmed, it started to be divided geographically to Lower and Upper California. The loss of the laÞer to the United States (1848) marks the beginning of the separate existence of California (North American) as distinguished from Baja California (Mexican).
ES
La contribución resume la historia del nombre de California a partir de su aparición en la novela caballeresca “Las Sergas de Esplandián” de Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo (publicada en 1510) donde representaba a una isla mítica. El nombre lo aplicaron los hombres de Cortés al territorio correspondiente hoy al Cabo San Lucas. El autor luego sigue investigando la cartogra­a, donde el nombre aparece a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XVI en el sur extendiéndose poco a poco a la península entera y al golfo. El territorio más al Norte mucho tiempo se representaba como Costa del Mar del Sur. El nombre de California dado también a ese territorio septentrional se debe a un error de fray Antonio de la Ascensión (1620) que lo consideró parte de la isla de California delimitada por el Estrecho de Anián. Este error se difundió gracias a la cartogra­a hasta más de la mitad del siglo XVIII. Mientras tanto, comprobada la peninsularidad del territorio, empezó su división geográfica en Baja California y la Alta. Con la pérdida de ésta a favor de los EE.UU. (1848) se inicia la existencia de California (estadounidense), frente a la Baja California (mexicana).
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