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W sprawie obrazu kultury materialnej dworów rycerskich w średniowieczu

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Marciniak-Kajzer A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

2016

issue 31

Most archaeological sites, which were considered remains of medieval knight`s manor have readable (separated) terrain form. Most frequently they were situated on artificial mounds, placed in boggy areas, often in valleys of small rivers. As can be seen from the query in all kinds of archaeological publications, on the territory of medieval Polish state (conventionally within the reign of Casimir the Great) about 200 mansions that are relics of knight’s abodes ware investigated in varying degrees. The degree of their knowledge is very different. Only about 46% sites being excavated were elaborated and the results were published with different accuracy. Their scientific level is unfortunately very diverse. While the form of the seats are usually described in a very detailed way, the artifacts found during excavations are mostly only mentioned. Most often we do not know from which part of the site they come from. Although they are sometimes discussed in the framework of the excavation, but it is hard to know if they were in the building or in the courtyard, and perhaps in the moat? Paradoxically, most numerous finds – potsherds – are the least described. They are only enumerated, without even trying to identify forms (vase, pot, jag…). Also, in the case of metal objects, they description very often ends up on the development of an accurate list of the every, even the slightest, iron nuggets. Unfortunately, there are too many lists of objects referred to as „undefined”. With the greatest care archaeologists treat all and any findings in the field of armament, but this is the category of monuments which sometimes introduces a lot of confusion in trying the dating of the settlement. The armament usually is considered to be the so-called „a good dating device” and of course, it is true, provided that it date back itself. Sometimes the total opposition raises in a situation where, for example, dating of one found spur, is considered to be more important than dating established on the basis of hundreds found fragments of vessels and stove tiles. Therefore the necessity to use written and iconographic sources in order to reconstruct the whole material culture is widely appreciated. Here it is necessary to work with medievalist and art historians. It is not a simple matter because dealing with material culture is not very popular among the historians. In the final part of the article the development of a model of conical settlement excavations in Siedlątków published by Janina Kamińska in 1968 is discussed.

W sprawie średniowiecznych siedzib rycerskich na Pomorzu Gdańskim oraz pograniczu środkowopomorskim

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Kuczkowski A.

Pomorania Antiqua

2024

vol. Tom XXXIII

87–114

One of the characteristic elements of the medieval cultural landscape of Pomerania are defensive manors in the type of the so-called ‘motte’, i.e. an earthen mound on which a defensive and residential structure was originally located. However, in the course of identifying the objects, it turned out that this form of construction did not occur between Słupsk in the west, Gdańsk in the east, and Człuchów in the south. The researchers who have dealt with this issue date - Leszek Kajzer and Dariusz Piasecki - indicated the natural values of this region as the main reason for this state of affairs. The numerous moraine hills and headlands rivers rivers or waterbodies were supposed to make it unnecessary to build artificial mounds here in order to place manors on them. As a result of tracing the social and political changes, a completely different interpretation of this phenomenon was proposed. Even before the Sobiesławowic dynasty died out, the process of emancipation of knights began. By the time the Teutonic Order occupied Gdańsk Pomerania, no private knight residence had probably been established here, and the process of emancipation of this class had been completely halted. Due to the corporate nature of power in the monastic state, the local knights were completely removed from holding offices, i.e. from any real influence on politics. As a result, they also lost an important source of income, and consequently a significant economic basis. Also, the later policy of the Order towards this social class, mainly in granting land estates based on principles unfavourable from the point of view of inheritance, was not favourable to settlement stability or creation of economic foundations for larger land properties. It seems that these factors were the reason why the Gdańsk knights were unable to build defensive settlements on mounds. Interestingly, this was a kind of rarity not only in this part of Europe, but even in the monastic state itself. In other regions of the Teutonic Order state, such structures were built and operated throughout the Middle Ages.

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1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica

1 Pomorania Antiqua

1 Kuczkowski A.

1 Marciniak-Kajzer A.

1 2024

1 2016

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W sprawie obrazu kultury materialnej dworów rycerskich w średniowieczu

W sprawie średniowiecznych siedzib rycerskich na Pomorzu Gdańskim oraz pograniczu środkowopomorskim