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EN
The article is composed of two parts. In the first I discuss Lawrence Zbikowski’s Foundations of Musical Grammar, published by Oxford University Press in 2017, which is one of the major musicological works inspired by the latest achievements in cognitive science. Musical grammar, sometimes called cognitive musical grammar by the author, is based mainly on two concepts: an analogy (the mapping of systematic structural relationships between a source domain and a target domain), and a dynamic process (a coherent sequence of phenomena that is distributed over time and typified by parametric modulation or change). The second part of the article is my attempt to apply Zbikowski’s theory to a piece of music. As a musical example I have chosen the second movement of Compartment 2, Car 7 for vibraphone, violin, viola and cello by Paweł Szymański. At the end I conclude that the composer created an analogy between music and a dynamic process known to us from everyday life ─ a journey by train, seen from a passenger’s perspective.
EN
In sharp contrast to views expressed in some earlier theories about life and human development, today human development is considered a “work in progress.” It is a continuous journey on which a person passes through various stages. This dynamic understanding of human development also characterizes moral development. The article's first part takes up these points. The second part focuses on the contextualized nature of this lifespan approach. Nature, heredity, culture, environment, gender, religion, and spirituality constitute the context within which moral development occurs. The third part highlights the need to educate people rather than merely indoctrinate them morally. The fourth part argues that in this dynamic understanding of moral development it is important to recognize ways in which social norms and moral (religious) precepts influence people.
PL
W ostrym przeciwieństwie do opinii wyrażonej w niektórych wcześniejszych teoriach o życiu i ludzkim rozwoju, dziś ludzki rozwój jest rozpatrywany jako „działanie na rzecz postępu”. Jest on ciągłą „podróżą”, w której osoba przechodzi przez różne stadia. To dynamiczne rozumienie ludzkiego rozwoju cechuje także rozwój moralny. Pierwsza część artykułu dotyczy tych spraw. Druga część skupia się na kontekstualnym podejściu do trwałości życia. Natura, dziedziczność, kultura, środowisko, gender, religia i duchowość tworzą kontekst, w obrębie którego dokonuje się rozwój moralny. Trzecia część wysuwa na plan pierwszy bardziej zapotrzebowanie kształcenia ludzi, niż ich indoktrynowanie moralne. Czwarta część udowadnia, że w dynamicznym rozumieniu moralnego rozwoju istotne jest poznawanie dróg, na których socjalne i moralne (religijne) nakazy wywierają wpływ na ludzi.
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