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Poruchy príjmu potravy na Slovensku a v Čechách

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EN
This article is focused on eating disorders (ED) as a research topic in Slovak and Czech scientific publications. The aim of this study was to thematically analyze the development of theory and research in relation to treatment research field of ED for the past 30 years in the two above mentioned countries and identify the current research trends and their applications. 58 articles were analyzed out of 8 psychology journals and 3 yearbooks published between 1993 and 2014. The main research method was the thematic analysis. The themes and discourses were divided into two main areas – the changing discourse on eating disorders and applications in the areas of different treatment and prevention interventions. Both main theme were further divided in subtopics – theories of eating disorders (definition of eating disorders, comorbidity, explanation of occurrence and theoretical context), application (different forms of intervention, focuses and promising opportunities). According to researched articles ED are nowadays seen more as a spectrum of symptoms than a two different faces of the illness (originally anorexia and bulimia was recognized as two main forms). Considering treatment possibilities, in majority CBT was used, however this approach went through different modifications (CAT – cognitive-analytical therapy, DBT- dialectical behavioral therapy), as well as it is used in combination with other methods, e.g. medical treatment. Complex treatment programs specialized on eating disorders are being introduced and different types of treatment facilities are described. Family therapy and its variant – multiple family therapy seem to be the latest trend in Czech republic, but also articles about motivational interview and externalization technique appeared. The important change in area of treatment and prevention appeared with internet and online communication. While advancement in communication technologies brings new possibilities for early detection, prevention and treatment of ED, it also brings the problem of pro-anorectic websites and the problem of lay support through forums and blogs, which while intended to help sometimes brings unproven information and implicitly support pro-disorder eating behavior and attitudes, the trend commented in newer analyzed publications. Analysis of published texts shows that the development of discourse on etiology, classification treatment is in accordance with international trends, there are some specifics mainly in area of treatment programs.
EN
Pregorexia is the term used to describe anorexia nervosa in pregnant women. It is not a medical term, yet increasingly used by specialists nowadays. Probably this is because the cases of pregorexia they encounter in practice are increasing in number, affecting 1.5–5% of women. In addition, they emphasize the specificity of this eating disorder, which carries a double risk when the mother is expecting. However, the latest classification of mental disorders of the American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5, does not include a separate name and criteria for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa occurring in pregnant women. The clinical picture of pregorexia, apart from some significant symptoms, is consistent with the picture of this disorder in other people. Women with this disorder show a strong fear of the natural consequence of pregnancy, which is weight gain. To this end, they reduce the amount of food consumed, reduce the caloric content of meals, and use fasts. They also often do intense exercise. Sometimes they have binge eating and purging episodes, provoke vomiting, and abuse laxatives. As a result, they lose weight, develop qualitative malnutrition and body exhaustion. This entails numerous negative effects on the health and sometimes life of both mother and child. Such a danger, however, is not a factor preventing the actions causing it. They are caused by the pathological mechanism of the disorder, related to the action of various factors. In this article, some selected ones seem to be peculiarly significant in relation to pregorexia.
EN
From the perspective of an apparently absent author, the rhetorical commonplaces of womanhood and nourishment are mentioned in the novels of Margaret Atwood, The Edible Woman (1969), and of Jillian Medoff, Hunger Point (2002). Although traditionally relegated to contextualizing devices, the unfolding of events makes a riddle out of cooking and eating for the purpose of dramatic effect. Reporting on what might come across as domestic chores points to the topicality of food intake as well as to all the drama eating disorders entail. In the background of events, the ‘whodunit’ and the ‘kitchen sink drama’ come together into one unlikely story. The benefits of hindsight make it possible to argue that celebrated feminist novels of the past century, i.e. The Edible Woman, provided later 21st century fiction, i.e. Hunger Point, with something more than narrative emphasis on binary gender relations. I find that the gender-roles debate, as recorded in Atwood’s work, gained enough cultural momentum to prove the ready availability of the image of the nurturing female throughout the 20th century and beyond. As far as feminist fictions are concerned, over/under-feeding is always somewhere in the background, if not what drives the plot forward. Commonly, distress among fictional characters, mostly women, is linked to body weight and dieting in ways that threaten to relegate, possibly once and for good, the notions of women and food to the realm of melodrama, as it is the case with Hunger point.
EN
The purpose of this study is to evaluate children in Bratislava, Slovakia. The survey sample consisted of 276 children aged 9 -12 who were tested using the Children’s Eating Attitude Test as a diagnostic tool for testing young people, who show a proclivity towards having eating issues, a possibility of anorexia, or a possible problem with bulimic tendencies. The study analyses the components of the test and the scores of children to whom it was administered, and come to conclusions as to its usefulness in diagnosing eating issues in children between grades 4 and 6. It also examines the comparisons between the children in Slovakia and the children in Australian studies in order to see if the scores correlate and what similarities and differences are present between the two groups studied.
EN
The study aims to analyse the risk of eating disorder emergence in secondary school students. Data were collected by questionnaire method. The questionnaire battery consisted of nominal variables and the EDE-Q Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire scale. 776 secondary school students participated in the research. The mean age of respondents was 17. The empirical research identified 247 (31.8%) respondents displaying symptoms of eating disorders at least in one of four examined dimensions of the EDE-Q scale (Restraint, Eating Concerns, Shape Concerns, Weight Concerns). Significant differences were found in eating disorder symptoms regarding the preferred eating form. Respondents ticking the option “I buy my food” achieved the highest scores. Also, a significant difference in eating disorder symptoms was identified according to the accommodation type, where students living in “sublets” can be considered to be at the highest risk in this regard. A significant difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms was also recorded in terms of gender, where girls scored statistically significantly higher than boys in the monitored dimensions.
PL
The article presented herein forms a part of the broad and rich trend of anthropological research on corporeality. The detailed problem undertaken by the author is the issue of eating disorders evinced by people with autism. Food is understood here as a broad and diverse set of practices, reactions and forms of behaviour. The topic is discussed from the perspective of an anthropologist, with reference to concrete examples derived from several sources, i.e. selected biographical/autobiographical reports concerning the question of living with autism, materials collected during field research conducted since 2013 in the “Jaś i Małgosia” Foundation in Łódź and the author’s personal contacts with people with autism spectrum disorders. The reflections focus on the influence of the senses on the autists’ consumption practices, considering that autists certainly overstep the limits of the culture of food consumption accepted in their community, undermine the normative order of this culture and develop their own eating-related forms of behaviour and rituals, which are often undesirable from the point of view of the community in general.
EN
We aim to review the kinesiotherapeutic programs that have been used in therapies for patients with an eating disorder, focusing on the programs that are based on body-oriented therapies, body movements and sports. To this end we have collected and analysed the results of all the programs that have been documented and tested on clinical populations, and that were published in or before 2008. For our methodological framework we used the Systematic Review method.
EN
There have been a number of studies investigating the media’s role in body image dissatisfaction, eating disorders, self-esteem, and the internalization of the thin body ideal in young girls and women. However, much of the research focuses on girls ages 10 and older; very few examine those girls of pre-primary or primary age. This paper seeks to explore the studies that do focus on the younger age groups, and understand the relationship between the media and young girls’ self-esteem.
EN
The article is about the usage of the externalization dialogue in dealing with eating disorders. It is based on a concrete example from therapeutic practice and it is shown that this way of working with clients with eating disorders is very effective. These clients often speak of a certain “disunity“ in themselves. They have name for their “second self“ and they speak to it. They also talk about the fact that they really want to change something but “something or someone keeps their efforts off“. The externalization dialogue is generally used to reinforce the healthy part of personality against the symptom or disease. The article shows that regarding clients with eating disorders there may be different ways of employing this method. The process of full recovery is not a fight against the disorder and its weakening but a process of building an alliance with the disorder. Only thanks to this alliance the recovery is possible in some cases.
CS
Článek pojednává o využití externalizačního rozhovoru při práci s poruchami příjmu potravy. Na základě konkrétního příběhu z terapeutické praxe je poukázáno na fakt, že využití tohoto způsobu práce je s klienty a klientkami s poruchami příjmu potravy velmi účinné. Klienti a klientky totiž často sami hovoří o jisté „rozdvojenosti“, mají toto své „druhé já“ pojmenováno, vedou s ním dialog. Rovněž hovoří o tom, že by něco velmi chtěli změnit, ale „něco nebo někdo v nich jim v tom brání“. Obvykle je externalizační rozhovor používán pro posílení zdravé části osobnosti proti příznaku či nemoci. V článku je s odkazem na praktickou zkušenost poukázáno na skutečnost, že způsob práce s externalizací u poruch příjmu potravy může být odlišný. Klíčem k uzdravení totiž není boj proti nemoci a její oslabení, ale vybudování spojenectví s ní. Teprve skrz toto spojenectví je v některých případech uzdravení možné.
EN
The increasing occurrence of various heating disorders coincides with the adolescence period, i.e. the period between 12 and 19 years. Recesnt studiem serach the causa of its origin in genetics, psychological, family and socio‑cultural factors. The aim of our study was evaluation of sociodemographic and family risk factors of heating disorders in the group of girls and boys aged 15–19 years. The study included 157 students in the district of Radom by EAT 26 and KRR. The results indicate the relationship between age, maternal education,communication with her mother and mental health problems in a family with increased risk of eating disorders.
PL
Nasilenie zaburzeń odżywiania przypada najczęściej na okres dojrzewania, pomiędzy 12 a 19 rokiem życia. Dotychczasowe badania poszukują ich przyczyn w czynnikach genetycznych, osobowościowych,rodzinnych oraz społeczno‑kulturowych. Celem pracy była ocena socjodemograficznych i rodzinnych czynników zaburzeń odżywiania w grupie dziewcząt i chłopców w wieku 15–19 lat. Badania przeprowadzono w grupie 157 uczniów w powiecie radomskim za pomocą EAT 26 i KRR. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na związek pomiędzy wiekiem, wykształceniem matki, komunikacją z matkąi problemami zdrowia psychicznego w rodzinie a nasileniem ryzyka zaburzeń odżywiania.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present the phenomena of eating disorders, body image and autoaggressive behaviour and to attempt to present the relationship between these variables in women with eating disorders. The study group (clinical) in the project consisted of 25 women diagnosed with anorexia or bulimia, while the control group contained30 healthy women. The research made use of the following methods: The Body Self Questionnaire (J-C Scale) by Beata Mirucka and the Inventory of the Psychological Aggression Syndrome (IPSA-II) by Zbigniew B. Gaś. The analysis of the results showed that women with anorexia and bulimia, had higher autoaggressive tendencies compared to healthy women. In addition, in the study group the disturbed body image significantly correlated with the increased autoaggressive behavior. The obtained results are discussed in the context of the existing research findings and theories.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie zjawiska zaburzeń odżywiania się, obrazu własnego ciała i zachowań autoagresywnych, a także próba przedstawienia zależności między tymi zmiennymi u kobiet z zaburzeniami ożywiania się. Grupę badawczą (kliniczną) w projekcje stanowiło 25 kobiet ze zdiagnozowaną anoreksją lub bulimią, grupę kontrolną zaś – 30 kobiet zdrowych. Do badań wykorzystano Kwestionariusz Ja cielesnego (Skala J-C) Beaty Miruckiej oraz Inwentarz psychologicznego syndromu agresji (IPSA-II) Zbigniewa B. Gasia. Analiza uzyskanych wyników pokazuje, że kobiety z anoreksją i bulimią, w porównaniu do kobiet zdrowych, przejawiają większe tendencje autoagresywne. Ponadto w grupie badawczej niewłaściwy wizerunek ciała istotnie koreluje z nasileniem autoagresji. Uzyskane rezultaty przedyskutowano w świetle dotychczasowych wyników badań i teorii.
EN
Introduction. The connection between eating disorders, lifestyle, eating habits and environmental and social conditionings is obvious. They cause life-threatening somatic aftermath, as well as mental and social outcomes. Aim of the research. The research was carried out in order to learn about eating habits of charges from children’s home. Girls in general are more prone to development of negative eating behaviour. The variables measurement was taken by the use of diagnostic survey based on original questionnaire and the analysis of documents and also by the means of observation and survey. The research was taken at the beginning of 2010 and included 65 charges of children’s home. Girls in general are more prone to development of negative eating behaviour. The risk of appearance of eating disorders is increasing proportionally to age. The eating habits among the charges are not developed correctly and because of that the risk of eating disorders is high. Special prophylactic programs of eating disorders should be created among the charges of children’s homes. In the high-risk groups the activities should be concentrated on educating children and tutors about the body mass norms and figures.
PL
Związek zaburzeń odżywania ze stylem życia, nawykami żywieniowymi oraz uwarunkowaniami psychospołecznymi jest oczywisty. Powodują one zagrażające życiu następstwa somatyczne, a także psychiczne i społeczne. Cel badań: badanie podjęto w celu poznania zachowań żywieniowych wśród wychowanków Domu Dziecka. Metodyka: pomiaru zmiennych dokonano metodą sondażu diagnostycznego wykorzystując autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Badania przeprowadzono na początku 2010 roku i objęto nimi 65 wychowanków Domu Dziecka. Wyniki: dziewczęta są bardziej narażone na wystąpienie negatywnych zachowań żywieniowych. Nawyki żywieniowe wśród wychowanków nie są prawidłowo rozwinięte, istnieje więc ryzyko zagrożenia zaburzeniami odżywania. Zagrożenie zaburzeniami odżywiania wzrasta wprost proporcjonalnie do wieku. Wnioski: należy opracować programy profilaktyczne zaburzeń odżywiania wśród wychowanków domów dziecka. W grupach podwyższonego ryzyka opiekunowie dzieci i młodzież powinni posiadać wiedzę dotyczącą norm masy ciała w odniesieniu do wysokości i wieku.
EN
the incidence of possible diagnose and core symptoms of ADHD between the patient and the control group. The second objective was to compare the incidence and describe the specific manifestation of ADHD core symptoms in individual diagnostic subgroups of eating disorders (ED). Sample and settings. ADHD symptoms were assessed by self and other-report forms of a BAARS questionnaire. 133 ED female patients were diagnosed according to the ICD-10 criteria during admission. The control group consisted of 93 healthy female students. Hypotheses. First, authors expected higher occurrence of ADHD in the group of patients compared to the healthy control group. Second, authors expected that the individual diagnostic subcategories of ED will differ in the occurrence of core ADHD symptoms. And third, we assumed that the result obtained by the selfreport forms of the BAARS will correspond to the other-report forms. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistic-22 and program R. Authors used chisquared test for group comparison and multiple linear regression. Results. Using self-report questionnaire of current symptoms 61 (46%) of ED patients were detected as likely having ADHD compared to 22 (24%) from a healthy control group, 37 (28%) of ED patients were identified with the high probability of ADHD diagnose compared to 12 (13%) from a healthy control group with significant differences. Comparison of the results between individual diagnostic subcategories of ED points to significant differences between patients with AN and BN. These findings are taken into account in the individualization of the pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approach. Study limitations. Due to a small sample size of atypical forms of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) authors had to limit the comparison to the AN and BN diagnostic subgroups.
CS
Cíle. Porovnat výskyt předpokládané diagnózy ADHD a symptomů ADHD u skupiny pacientek léčených s poruchou příjmu potravy a kontrolní skupiny. Porovnat výskyt jádrových symptomů ADHD v jednotlivých diagnostických subkategoriích PPP. Hypotézy. Ve skupině pacientek léčených s PPP je ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou vyšší výskyt předpokládané dg. ADHD. Pacientky léčené s PPP budou mít ve srovnání s kontrolní skupinou vyšší zastoupení jádrových symptomů ADHD. Jednotlivé diagnostické subkategorie PPP se mezi sebou liší v zastoupení a typu jádrových symptomů ADHD. Participanti a postup. Výzkumný soubor byl tvořen 133 pacientkami a 93 respondentkami kontrolní skupiny. Byly administrovány dotazníky BAARS-IV a SCOFF. Statistická analýza dat. Data byla zpracována v programech SPSS, verze 22.0 a v jazyce R. Pro srovnání meziskupinových rozdílů byl použit chí-kvadrát test. V případě očekávaných četností menších než 5 byl použit Fisherův exaktní test. K odhadu velikosti bodových rozdílů mezi kontrolní a pacientskou skupinou byla použita vícečetná lineární regrese. Výsledky. Do pásma se zvýšenou pravděpodobností přítomnosti ADHD spadalo 61 (46 %) pacientek s PPP a 22 (24 %) respondentek z kontrolní skupiny. Do pásma s vysokou pravděpodobností přítomnosti dg. ADHD, spadalo 37 (28 %) pacientek a 12 (13 %) respondentek z kontrolní skupiny. Zjištěné rozdíly jsou signifikantní. Porovnání výsledků mezi jednotlivými diagnostickými subkategoriemi PPP poukazuje na signifikantní rozdíly mezi pacientkami s mentální anorexií a mentální bulimií. Prezentované výsledky slouží jako východisko k adaptaci komplexní péče o tyto pacienty. Limity studie. Pro nízký počet pacientů s atypickými formami PPP jsme analyzovali výsledky získané od pacientů s MA a MB.
PL
Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie w kontekście zmiany społecznej wybranych aspektów zaburzeń odżywiania oraz czynników je warunkujących. Równocześnie podjęto próbę identyfikacji skutecznych form interwencji złożonych i wielopłaszczyznowych w swym przebiegu zaburzeń odżywiania. Przedstawiono najistotniejsze aspekty w odniesieniu do diagnozy oraz przebiegu jednostek z rozpoznaniem Anorexia Nervosa. Zatem dokonano szczegółowego przeglądu polskiej i zagranicznej literatury. Najnowsze analizy niniejszego zjawiska mają zauważalne oddziaływanie na zmianę perspektywy rozumienia oraz postrzegania problemów zaburzeń odżywiania.
EN
The aim of this paper is to present selected aspects of eating disorders and their determinants in the context of social change. At the same time, an attempt is made to identify effective forms of complex and multifaceted interventions in the course of eating disorders. The most important aspects are presented in relation to the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa. A detailed review of Polish and foreign literature was therefore made. The latest analyses of this phenomenon have a noticeable impact on the perception and understanding of eating disorders.
PL
Jadłowstręt psychiczny (anorexia nervosa) to chorobliwe i celowe dążenie do utraty wagi ciała, związane z lękiem przed otyłością i utratą zgrabnej sylwetki, pomimo ewidentnej niedowagi. Dążenie do szczupłości przybiera często postać idei nadwartościowej, a ograniczenia ilości przyjmowanych pokarmów, łączą się ze stosowaniem niskokalorycznej diety, intensywnymi ćwiczeniami fizycznymi, prowokowaniem wymiotów, stosowaniem środków przeczyszczających i diuretycznych. Choroba zaczyna się zwykle w okresie dojrzewania, między 13 a 15 rokiem życia, rzadziej pomiędzy 17 a 25 rokiem życia. W miarę postępu medycyny, nadal nie w pełni poznano etiologię i patogenezę anoreksji a co za tym idzie skuteczną terapię, natomiast wiele faktów świadczy o tym, że składają się na nią powiązane ze sobą czynniki społeczno-kulturowe i biologiczne, jak również mechanizmy psychologiczne oraz pewne cechy osobowości, nie pomijając znaczącego wpływu czynników rodzinnych. Ze względu na swoją złożoną patogenezę, postępowanie w leczeniu będzie kompleksowe i wieloetapowe, niejednokrotnie jest to współpraca wielu specjalistów. Leczenie musi obejmować somatyczne aspekty choroby oraz w dłużej mierze aspekty psychologiczne. Współczesna psychiatria, bazując na holistycznej koncepcji człowieka i realizując ideę kompleksowego leczenia, stwarza dziś nowe obszary zadań dla wszystkich członków zespołu terapeutycznego, dlatego też niezbędny stał się udział pielęgniarki jako: partnera w relacji z chorym i jego rodziną, członka zespołu terapeutycznego, członka społeczności terapeutycznej, profesjonalistki w dziedzinie promocji zdrowia psychicznego i profilaktyki zaburzeń psychicznych w różnych środowiskach. Zadania pielęgniarki sprawującej opiekę nad osobami z zaburzeniami odżywiania sprowadzają się przede wszystkim do poznania istoty choroby, zmotywowania do współdziałania w procesie naprawczym, elminowania lęku przed wzrostem wagi ciała, uzyskania racjonalnej oceny własnej wagi i kształtu ciała oraz zmiany zachowań. Dzięki swojej bezpośredniej i uczestniczącej obserwacji, skoncentrowanej na codziennych zajęciach chorego, zgłasza postępy i trudności w leczeniu a także wspólnie z zespołem podejmuje decyzje o dalszych działaniach pielęgnacyjnych i terapeutycznych, włączając się jednocześnie w jednolitą strategię zespołu wobec chorej.
EN
Eating disorders in children and teenagers, particularly, psychiatric anorexia, have a complex pathogenesis, thus, the treatment ought to be multistage. Contemporary psychiatry, basing on a holistic concept of a human and realizing the idea of complex treatment, creates new areas of tasks for all therapeutic team members. Therefore, the participation of a nurse has become indispensable as a partner in the relation with a patient and his/her family, as a member of a therapeutic community, and finally, as a professional in the mental health promotion and prophylaxis of mental disorders in various environments. The tasks of a nurse responsible for patients with eating disorders concentrate mainly on discovering the problem, motivating the patient to cooperate in the treatment, eliminating the fear of gaining weight, achieving rational assessment of personal body weight and shape and, ultimately, changing the behavior. Moreover, the nurse has the knowledge of a complex anorexia treatment which include biological methods and sociotherapy, and she cooperates with the health team as its member. Thanks to her direct observation concentrated on patient’s every day routine she is able to report on difficulties and progress in treatment. Together with the team she makes decisions about further nursing and therapeutic works, taking part in the uniform team strategy towards the patient.
EN
Orthorexia (orthorexia nervosa – ON) is a relatively new phenomenon, so far described as a fixation on eating healthy and proper food. Due to the scale of nutritional restrictions and significant consequences, which include somatic problems and psychosocial disorders, a scientific debate has been going on for over a decade to resolve the status of orthorexia. This article summarizes the previous considerations regarding ON, with particular emphasis on empirical reports. The dominant directions of research have been described, indicating discrepancies in their results.
PL
Ortoreksja (orthorexia nervosa – ON) to stosunkowo nowe zjawisko, opisywane jako fiksacja na spożywaniu zdrowej żywności. Ze względu na skalę żywieniowych restrykcji oraz znaczące konsekwencje, obejmujące zarówno problemy w sferze somatycznej, jak i zaburzenia funkcjonowania psychospołecznego, od ponad dekady trwa naukowa debata mająca na celu rozstrzygnięcie statusu ortoreksji. W niniejszym artykule dokonano podsumowania dotychczasowych rozważań dotyczących ON, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem doniesień empirycznych. Opisano dominujące kierunki badań, wskazując na rozbieżności w ich wynikach.
Ethics in Progress
|
2020
|
vol. 11
|
issue 2
31-37
EN
Nutritional choices are affected by culture, tradition and above all by the narrative we adopt for human history. The article gives an overview of the (pseudo)scientific beliefs, psychological factors and ethical orientations that affect nutritional choices. Among the various food theories today, great importance is given, for example, to the so-called Paleolithic diet, which consists of proposing a dietary model based on blood groups, which are assumed to have developed throughout different periods of the natural evolution of Homo sapiens, which were characterized by peculiar alimentary regimes. Moreover, psychological determinant drivers affect food choices and could lead to pathological eating behaviors (e.g., anorexia, overeating, binge eating). Finally, the ethical aspects of nutrition are closely correlated to vegetarianism, which in turn embraces an anti-speciesist thinking and recognizes the need for humans not to inflict unnecessary suffering on animals. Vegetarianism, anti-speciesism and ecologism often represent different aspects of the same issue: a lifestyle that testifies the need for a change in traditional paradigms, in the interest of humankind and the future of life on our planet.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie propozycji transdiagnostycznego podejścia do zaburzeń odżywiania (anoreksji psychicznej, bulimii psychicznej oraz zaburzeń odżywiania nie określonych inaczej) na przykładzie dwóch względnie nowych rodzajów terapii: poznawczo-behawioralnej, prowadzonej w oparciu o model Fairburna, oraz terapii akceptacji i zaangażowania (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, ACT). W odniesieniu do obu terapii przedstawiono ich podstawy teoretyczne, przyjmowane modele psychopatologii, proponowane mechanizmy zmiany, a także cele i wybrane techniki pracy terapeutycznej. Zasugerowano kierunki rozwoju dalszych badań porównujących skuteczność obydwu podejść, czynniki moderujące ich efektywność oraz możliwości integracji obu modeli.
EN
The present article aims to present a transdiagnostic approach to eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified) using the example of two relatively new types of therapy: Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), based on Fairburn's model, and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Theoretical frameworks, psychopathology, proposed change mechanisms, as well as objectives and selected therapeutic techniques are discussed for both approaches. Directions for further research comparing the efficacy of the two approaches, the factors that moderate their outcomes, and the possibilities of integrating the two models are also suggested.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zjawisku proanoreksji, które istniejąc w przestrzeni wirtualnej, ma swoje konsekwencje w świecie realnym. Internetowy ruch pro-ana namawia swoich odbiorców do traktowania anoreksji jako swoistego stylu życia oraz podejmowania zachowań zagrażających zdrowiu i życiu. Poszerzenie wiedzy w tym zakresie może być pomocne dla szerokiego grona specjalistów w planowaniu działań profilaktycznych oraz we wczesnym diagnozowaniu choroby.
EN
This article describes the phenomenon of pro-anorexia, which exists in the virtual world but also leads to serious consequences in real life. The internet pro-ana community encourages its members to perceive anorexia as a lifestyle choice and to take up actions endangering their health and life. Educating and informing about this issue might be useful for the broad range of specialists in terms of prevention and early diagnosis of this illness.
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