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EFFICIENCY AND RETURNS TO SCALE – A CONCEPT OF USING DETERMINISTIC APPROACH

100%
Jarzębowski S.
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
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2014
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vol. 15
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issue 2
102-111
EN
In the paper the author considered estimation of efficiency, which measures the ability of the company to obtain the maximum output from given inputs. The analysis has been carried out by using deterministic method (on the example of the DEA method, Data Envelopment Analysis). The two-step procedure was proposed, namely the returns to scale were specified in the sample and, basing on that, the efficiency of individual enterprises was assessed. In the paper the data from the companies of a key food processing sector in Poland, namely the meat processing, was used. The analysis covered the period 2006–2011, the sample covered from 195 up to 210 enterprises (depending on the analyzed year).
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New Evidence on Efficiency in Southern European Banking

100%
Papadopoulos S., Karagiannis S.
South East European Journal of Economics and Business
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2009
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vol. 4
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issue 1
7-14
EN
This paper explores the issue of efficiency in Southern European banking by applying the Fourier functional form and the stochastic cost frontier approach in calculating inefficiencies for a large sample of Southern European banks between 1997 and 2003. The findings suggest that the largest sized banks are generally the least efficient, while the smallest sized banks are the most efficient. The strongest economies of scale are displayed by Spanish banks, while the weakest economies of scale are reported by Greek banks. The findings suggest that medium-sized banks report the strongest economies of scale, and the largest and smallest banks weaker economies of scale (ranging between 3,5% and 7%). Therefore, the notion that economies of scale increase with bank size cannot be confirmed. The impact of technical change in reducing bank costs (generally about 3% and 4% per annum) appears to systematically increase with bank size. The largest banks reap greater benefits from technical change. Overall, the results indicate that the largest banks in the sample enjoy greater benefits from technical progress, although they do not have scale economy and efficiency advantages over smaller banks.
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Municipality Size and Local Public Services: Do Economies of Scale Exist ?

100%
Soukopová J., Nemec J., Matějová L., Struk M.
NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 2
151-171
EN
Economies of scale are a standard topic in economic theory, frequently applied, for example, in the analysis of monopolies. They exist when a firm optimising its production costs while facing some fixed costs enjoys lower per-unit production costs as the production increases. Similarly to other production units municipalities have to be large enough to minimise average costs. We analysed the local public services in 205 municipalities with extended powers in the Czech Republic for the first time in this context, using regression analysis, a correlation diagram of local public services and statistical analysis. The paper examines this issue using data from 2008 to 2012. Our analysis showed that economies of scale cannot be clearly identified for local services in municipalities with extended powers in the Czech Republic and that the size of a municipality is not a key factor influencing the provision of local services.
4
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Kondycja finansowa samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Przyczyny zadłużenia I propozycje reform

88%
Osiński J., Zawiślińska I.
Polityka i Społeczeństwo
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2020
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vol. 18
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issue 2
75-90
EN
The authors aimed to examine the phenomenon of indebtedness on the part of the local self-government units in Poland. The situation is evolving, and as such it pertains to an overwhelming majority of municipalities and counties. The barrier to increased indebtedness was established in the form of a unit-specific debt indicator, which came into force in 2014, and the amendments came into existence on the 1st of January, 2020. The composition of the indicator aims to allow the Regional Chambers of Auditors to monitor the proceedings and prevent continued deterioration. However, the authors indicate that the crux of the issue that the local self-government units face is the insufficient revenue they generate, which calls for an increased allocation of central budgetary funds to the local selfgovernment units in the form of grants and subsidies as well as the designing of numerous ways to finance their operations. Drawing upon the experiences gained by other states, the authors postulate the launch of the territorial and resource-based consolidation reforms on the part of the lower local self-government units – municipalities. This is believed to enhance a more effective leveraging of the endogenous resources on the part of the local selfgovernment units, maximising the economies of scale that pertain to the local economy as well as societal resources. The lower local self-government units in Poland were established over 20 years ago. Since the establishment, the units have come to represent the entities that are ineffective in a structural and functional manner. Furthermore, they fail to ensure the modern development path of local communities. The examination that has been conducted validates the need for reforms and it portrays the currents behind.
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Adam Smith's conceptual contributions to international economics: Based on the Wealth of Nations

88%
Kucukaksoy I.
Business and Economic Horizons
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2011
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vol. 4
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issue 1
108-119
EN
The 1776 dated “Wealth of Nations” work of Adam Smith has formed economic dimension of the Industrial Revolution and also transformed economics into the identity of a social science. As if the wealth of nations, namely the welfare increase became the top goal two and a half centuries ago, it is the top goal today and in the future as well. So understanding Smith’s works well carries importance in fighting against poverty in the world. According to Smith, in the basis of the welfare increases (wealth of nations) are labor and cooperation. Tendency underlying cooperation is the tendency of swap. It is considered that understanding Smith’s works well will provide solution for poor countries and therefore contribute to poor population in the world to decrease. For solving poverty and problems concerning welfare (destitution, hunger, etc.), Smith’s works need more historic examination. In this study it was aimed to contribute to the given examination
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The estimation of the costs of children based on random equivalence scales

63%
Kot S. M.
Śląski Przegląd Statystyczny
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2020
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issue 18 (24)
EN
This paper measures the cost of children using the random equivalence scale (RES). From the general population perspective, the deterministic microeconomic equivalence scales appear as continuous random variables. The stude derived the distribution of RES, assuming the lognormal distribution of income. The truncated distribution of RES can account for possible economies of scale in income or expenditure. The positional measures of the truncated distribution of RES may serve as single equivalence scales. A society’s attitude towards inequality may help chose such scales. RES for Poland 2015 was estimated using microdata from the Household Budget Survey. Polish households exhibited a remarkable level of economies of scale in that year and the equivalence scales declined with expenditure. It was observed that the cost of bringing up a child is not constant; generally, it decreases with increasing household size.
PL
W artykule koszt utrzymania dziecka jest mierzony za pomocą losowej skali ekwiwalentności (RES). Z perspektywy populacji generalnej deterministyczne mikroekonomiczne skale ekwiwalentności ukazują się jako ciągłe zmienne losowe. W niniejszej pracy uzyskano rozkład RES na podstawie lognormalnego rozkładu dochodów. Ucięty rozkład RES umożliwia uwzględnienie korzyści wielkości dochodów lub wydatków. Za pojedyncze skale ekwiwalentności mogą służyć miary położenia w uciętym rozkładzie RES. W wyborze konkretnej skali pomocna może być postawa społeczeństwa wobec nierówności. W pracy oszacowano RES dla Polski w 2015 r. na podstawie mikrodanych z Sondażu Budżetów Gospodarstw Domowych. W owym roku polskie gospodarstwa domowe wykazywały znaczące korzyści wielkości wydatków. Ponadto skale ekwiwalentności malały wraz ze wzrostem wydatków. Zaobserwowano, że koszt utrzymania kolejnego dziecka nie jest stały – malał on wraz ze wzrostem wielkości gospodarstwa domowego.
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Konsolidacja struktur administracyjnych obszarów metropolitalnych a efektywność – doświadczenia anglosaski

63%
Kachniarz M.
Studia Miejskie
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2011
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vol. 4
217-224
EN
One of the effects of metropolization is the urban area expansion on adjacent to the core of administrative units. This makes it necessary to build mechanisms for coordinating the performance of public services throughout the metropolitan assembly. Often posed a postulate in such cases is the consolidation of administrative structures which consists of the incorporation of units adjacent to the core. Supporters of such measures are based on the conviction that such a centralization of management will be conducive to the efficiency of public services (including administration). Conviction is based on the so-called economies of scale and economies of scope. An article in the analysis of processes of consolidation which was made in England, Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand, does not confirm these convictions. In many cases, such actions have led to a decline in efficiency and thus the main factor incentive to change.
PL
Jednym z efektów metropolizacji jest ekspansja strefy miejskiej na sąsiadujące z jej pierwotnym rdzeniem jednostki administracyjne. To powoduje konieczność budowy mechanizmów koordynacji wykonywania usług publicznych w całej metropolii. Często postulowana jest w takich przypadkach konsolidacja struktur administracyjnych, która polega na włączeniu sąsiadującej jednostki do rdzenia. Zwolennicy tego rodzaju rozwiązań są przekonani, ze taka centralizacja zarządzania przyczynia się do efektywności wykonywanych usług publicznych (w tym administracyjnych). Przekonanie to opiera się na tak zwanej ekonomii skali i ekonomii zakresu. Artykuł, w którym analizowane są przykłady procesów konsolidacji w Anglii, Kanadzie, USA, Australii i Nowej Zelandii, nie potwierdza tych poglądów. W wielu przypadkach działania konsolidacyjne doprowadziły do spadku efektywności usług publicznych.
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Financial Condition of Local Government in Poland vs StructuralReforms of Municipal Government in Scandinavian States

62%
Osiński J., Zawiślińska I.
Przegląd Politologiczny
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2020
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issue 4
5-22
PL
Autorzy podjęli się analizy zjawiska zadłużenia jednostek samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce. Jest to zjawisko dynamiczne, które dotyczy zdecydowanej większości gmin i powiatów. Barierę dla ekspansji zadłużenia stanowi istniejący od 2014 roku Indeks Długu Indywidualnego (IOI), którego nowe elementy weszły w życie 1 stycznia 2020 roku. Struktura indeksu ma na celu umożliwienie regionalnym izbom rachunkowym (RIO) kontrolowania tego procesu i zapobiegania jego postępowi. Autorzy wskazują jednak, że głównym problemem dla jednostek samorządu terytorialnego są niewystarczające dochody własne, co zmusza je do zwiększenia puli środków przekazywanych z budżetu centralnego do samorządów w formie dotacji i subwencji oraz do poszukiwania różnych form pożyczek na swoją działalność. Korzystając z doświadczeń krajów skandynawskich, autorzy proponują rozpoczęcie reform terytorialnych i konsolidacyjnych zasobów małych jednostek samorządu terytorialnego – gmin i powiatów. Celem jest ułatwienie lepszego wykorzystania endogenicznych zasobów JST oraz wykorzystanie korzyści skali związanych z lokalną gospodarką i zasobami społecznymi. Powinno to zaowocować, podobnie jak w Skandynawii, rozwojem przedsiębiorczości publicznej, większą efektywnością i skutecznością społeczną oraz stabilizacją dochodów poszczególnych jednostek. Po ponad 20 latach działalności małe jednostki samorządu terytorialnego w Polsce stały się strukturalnie i funkcjonalnie przestarzałe i nie gwarantują nowoczesnego rozwoju społeczności lokalnych.
EN
The authors have undertaken an analysis of the phenomenon of debt of local government units in Poland. It is a dynamic phenomenon, which affects vast majority of municipalities and districts. A barrier to debt expansion has been established in the form of the Individual Debt Index (IOI), which has been in place since 2014 and its new elements entered into force on 1 January 2020. The structure of the index is intended to allow regional accounting chambers (RIO) to control the process and prevent its progression. The authors indicate, however, that the main problem for local self-government units is insufficient own income, which forces them to increase the pool of funds transferred from the central budget to self-governments in the form of grants and subventions and to look for various forms of loans for their activities. Using the experience of the Scandinavian countries, the authors propose to start territorial and resource consolidation reforms of small local government units – municipalities and districts. The aim is to facilitate better use of endogenous resources of territorial self-government units and use of economies of scale related to local economy and social resources. This should result, as in Scandinavia, in the development of public entrepreneurship, higher social efficiency and effectiveness, and stabilisation of the income of individual units. After more than 20 years of operation, small local government units in Poland have become structurally and functionally obsolete and do not guarantee modern development of local communities.
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