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EN
The paper deals with the topic of ecologically oriented poetry of Krystyna Miłobędzka as a vital tradition for 21st-century Polish ecopoets. The author tries to trace the changes in the poetic canon after 1990 and shows the increasing interest in Miłobędzka’s poetry among modern poets. By analyzing mainly meta-poetic texts, the paper contrasts Miłobędzka’s posthumanistic, “event-driven” way of writing with the humanistic lyrical subject of Wisława Szymborska’s poetry. The author presents the former as more influential and more productive for modern, ecopoetic styles, including elements such as: waking the awareness, organic perspective of language, an egalitarian way of life and thinking about relations in categories of space and adhesion rather than domination.
EN
Julia Fiedorczuk’s academic, journalistic and critical activity invites readings of her poetry in the context of ecopoetics, which she actively promotes. Her ecocritically oriented poems explore the links between poetry and natural environment, proposing an interdisciplinary practice of cocreation of the human and non-human world, as well as a re-evaluation of our understanding of the relations between them. It is, at the same time, a type of poetry that exposes its gender affiliation; it evokes and deconstructs the culturally instilled associations between femininity and nature, and formulates questions pertaining to identity and metaphysics. With her “woman and world: user’s manuals” project, poetically original yet deeply rooted in (post)modern contexts, Fiedorczuk represents one of the most interesting currents of contemporary – and not just women’s – poetry.
EN
Close-reading selected poems and essays by Gary Snyder, the article examines an apparent epistemological contradiction in Snyder’s environmentalist message. As a rule Snyder consistently relies on essentialist discourse, with his frequent references to human nature, the collective unconscious, mankind’s generic identity and man’s inner voice. In the poem The Call of the Wild, however, he questions man’s ability to retrieve a “natural” generic core through, say, meditation or vision quests. This apparent contradiction is resolved when one views Snyder’s work through the lens of Neo-Aristotelian thought as exemplified by Terry Eagleton’s concept of human nature. To Eagleton, like to Aristotle, human nature is not a static biological given, but rather a mental predisposition. Thus it is more of a task, or challenge, than a set of characteristics. Such ideas resonate with Snyder’s concept of the ever-changing human nature. However, Eagleton and Snyder pass company as fellow Neo-Aristotelians when it comes to the socio-political applications of their ideas. To the British critic, socialism is the answer, allegedly providing the optimal conditions for a harmonious blend of one’s private and public self. To Snyder, state-supported socialism is but another oppressive political system, very much in the mentally-restrictive tradition of what he calls “the Judaeo-Capitalist-Christian-Marxist West.”
EN
The paper is an attempt at reconstructing the poetics of early texts by Krystyna Miłobędzka, mostly the book of poems Spis z natury, written in 1960s – Miłobędzka’s poetic debut, unpublished at the time. By reading together the two poetic cycles comprising it – Anaglify and Małe mity – the author stresses the need to extend the non-anthropocentric reading to Anaglify with a postsecular interpretation implied by the multilevel structure of Małe mity. The paper also discusses four poems by Miłobędzka – Małże, Widziane w ogniu, Patrzące chwytliwe and Klee – published in 1960s in “Twórczość” magazine, not included in any book of poems. This allowed to identify possible relations between Miłobędzka’s early poetry and works by Francis Ponge and Paula Klee.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę rekonstrukcji poetyki wczesnych tekstów Krystyny Miłobędzkiej. Głównym przedmiotem zamieszczonych w nim analiz jest tom Spis z natury, powstający w pierwszej połowie lat sześćdziesiątych XX wieku jako poetycki debiut, lecz wówczas nieopublikowany. Podejmując łączną lekturę dwóch składających się na niego cykli poetyckich – Anaglifów i Małych mitów – autor wskazuje na konieczność uzupełnienia nasuwającego się w lekturze tego pierwszego odczytania nieantropocentrycznego o implikowaną przez wielopoziomową strukturę tego drugiego interpretację postsekularną. Analizie poddano również cztery wiersze Miłobędzkiej – Małże, Widziane w ogniu, Patrzące chwytliwe oraz Klee – opublikowane w latach sześćdziesiątych w miesięczniku „Twórczość” i niewłączone w żaden jej tom. Pozwoliło to wskazać na możliwe związki wczesnej poezji autorki Wykazu treści z twórczością Francisa Ponge’a i Paula Klee.
EN
This study explores the possibilities of an ecocritical reading of the work of the Czech poet Jiřina Hauková (1919–2005). Despite the position of Jiřina Hauková’s poetry in the canon of modern Czech poetry, her poetry has not yet been analysed from this perspective. The starting point for the study is contemporary Anglo-American thinking on “ecopoetry” and “ecopoetics”, which emphasizes the exploration and systematic revision of our intimate yet ambiguous relationship with the natural world and a complex grasp of the otherness of this world.
EN
In January and February 2000, Canadian poet-naturalist Harry Thurston (b. 1950) spent 35 days in the Sahara with a team of archaeologists conducting research at the Egyptian oasis of Dakhleh in the Western Desert. Confronted with the vastness of a territory at once foreign and familiar, he decided to respond to the experience of living in the desert with poems of haiku-like brevity he would write each day he spent on camp. The fruit of this spiritual experience was Broken Vessel (2007), a book that seeks to capture the mystery of the desert, a space that has held a century-long fascination for the human imagination. Following Tuan’s dichotomy of space vs. place, Bennett’s notion of vibrant matter, and ecocritical concepts concerning ecopoetry as place-making, this article examines Thurston’s insights into the more-than-human world embodied by the desert, based on his firsthand observations and his imaginings of the known and revealed history of the Sahara.
PL
Nieprzebrana ubogość przestrzeni w Broken Vessel Harrego Thurstona W styczniu i lutym 2000 roku kanadyjski poeta-naturalista Harry Thurston (ur. 1950) spędził 35 dni na Saharze, towarzysząc grupie archeologów badających Oazę Dachla. Skonfrontowany z bezmiarem terytorium jednocześnie obcego i znajomego, postanowił odpowiedzieć na doświadczenie życia na pustyni za pomocą serii krótkich wierszy, które pisał każdego dnia pobytu na Saharze. Owocem tego duchowego doświadczenia jest tom Broken Vessel (2007), w którym autor próbuje oddać tajemnicę pustyni – przestrzeni, która fascynuje ludzką wyobraźnię od stulecia. Odwołując się do rozróżnienia przestrzeń-miejsce (Tuan), koncepcji tętniącej materii (Bennett), oraz ekokrytycznej idei, w myśl której ekopoezja może być postrzegana jako tworzenie miejsca, artykuł omawia spostrzeżenia Thurstona na temat świata bardziej-niż-ludzkiego, którego przykładem jest pustynia.
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