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1

ЗМІСТ І СТРУКТУРА НАВЧАЛЬНОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ З МАЛЮВАННЯ: ІСТОРИКО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

100%
Литовченко Г.
Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології
|
2016
|
issue 5(59)
354-361
EN
The article is devoted to historical and pedagogical analysis of school textbooks on drawing presented by the native educational thought in the 20-30 years of the twentieth century. The present article focuses on the analysis of correspondence of content and structure of textbooks on drawing to school programs during 20-30 years period. As an attempt to explore the issue the following research methods were used. Method of pedagogical analysis made it possible to identify and analyze the role of school textbooks on drawing at schools of the specific period. Narrative method helped to provide a description of facts and main concerns of school textbooks in general. Comparative method allowed us to compare the basic requirements for school textbooks and content and structure of the school program on drawing. The method of analysis and synthesis has been used by us to identify causal relationships between requirements to educational content and requirements for school textbooks. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature the author reveals the views of social activists, teachers and practitioners regarding requirements for school literature on drawing of the studied period. Correspondence of content of manuals and guides on drawing to general curriculum requirements for unified labor school has been analyzed. The article claims that in the 20–30-s of the XX century under the school education reform drawing as a subject was a part of a common core from 1st to 9th forms. However, school literature on drawing recommended was focused primarily on teachers and not always served as a basis for successful individual mastering of the subject by the pupils due to several reasons. Firstly, it was based on the traditions of European school practice. Secondly, it was not always coordinated with the objectives of a unified labor school. Since 30s the native educational thought started to intensify its activity towards the creation of school textbooks on drawing in the context of general requirements for school books and unified labor school tasks. The prospects of further analysis is said to be stated. The following objective to analyze historical and pedagogical aspects of the content of schoolbooks on drawing of the second half of the XX century is to be attained.
2

Käsitused kasvatusest eesti vanasõnades ja kasvatusteaduses

86%
Makoid B., Liimets A.
Mäetagused
|
2021
|
vol. 80
31-70
EN
In this article, we have set ourselves a goal to identify how the conceptions of education contained in Estonian proverbs coincide with the corresponding educational thought in Estonia. We have empirically studied 655 Estonian proverbs that directly refer to a child, growing up, upbringing and parents as well as the methods of education. In the empirical research, we look at whether and how it is possible to semantically categorize and define proverbs based on the educational meanings in their content. To have a clearer system for analysis, we created a comprehensive scheme of categories. The four main categories with subcategories formed during the work. As can be concluded from the analysis of proverbs, the everyday wisdom that lies in them mostly coincides with behaviouristic conceptions of education as interaction and development management. According to educational scientist Heino Liimets, the interaction becomes truly mutual, but only at the highest level of acceptance of the educator’s influence – internal acceptance or interiorization. At lower levels, i.e., only agreeing to or external identification of influence, this is an influence from the educator’s position of power where the educable is passive, subordinate, and obeys commands. This content is characterized by behaviouristic thinking in educational science and can also be observed in proverbs. Behaviouristic beliefs also address the need of the proverbs to take into account the peculiarity of a child in their upbringing, which mainly mean the timeliness of education, i.e., a person can be forced into something only in childhood and youth. Upbringing, education, and learning/teaching are considered practically as synonyms in proverbs and behaviouristic educational science, both being regarded as the management of development from outside a human being. The use of certain educational methods, upbringing, and teaching methods is considered an essential condition for the management of development, education, and teaching, especially in behaviouristic thinking in science. It is a central theme also in proverbs where punishment (incl. physical), ordering, forbidding, disapproving, and causing fear are at the forefront as methods, and praising and “sharing mercy” can be found only to a very limited extent. To speak about Estonian educational scientists, Peeter Põld dealt with the topic of punishment mainly in the first half of the 20th century and Maie Tuulik at the beginning of the 21st century; the latter, however, has completely relied on the ideas of Põld. J. Käis emphasises that the culture, language, and customs of one’s nation are obtained by means of education. Education creates identity and helps socialize. Thus, education occurs as a valuation. The fact that education mediates and reproduces the values and norms valid in society is also clearly evident in Estonian proverbs. In the opinion of Maie Tuulik, modern diversity and ambivalence of values do not allow one clear hierarchy of values to be offered to a child to grow up. According to Põld, the bearer of values should primarily be someone authoritative as an example of education, although Põld himself also sees shortcomings of education based on authority. It levels individuality, promotes passivity and creates conventional values; it does not develop a sense of criticism. The relationships built on authority determine the higher and lower status of someone and, accordingly, the users of and subordinates to the power. Such relationships between parents and children as well as in education appear also in proverbs, which is expected because the world of proverbs expresses the structure of a peasant family characteristic of feudal Estonia. Due to their age, children had a low social status in the family at that time. Social status also depended on the gender. In peasant society, man was the head and provider for the family. Sons had an advantage over daughters: they were given more education and they stayed at the farm. Põld has also associated authority primarily with the father. Thus, education had to reproduce the stereotypically traditional division of roles in a family, which was characteristic of the patriarchal society. The worldview was value-based and normative and divided according to the principle of black and white, containing firm truths about who is a good and who is a bad child. A child who agreed to the upbringing of his/her parents and who respected the parents was considered good. According to Tuulik, such firm beliefs that value the hierarchical nature of relationships should be based on also today. Thus, everyday wisdom and corresponding everyday conscious world found in proverbs is present and reflected in Estonian educational science, especially in the ideas and works of two authors. These are Peeter Põld and Maie Tuulik, who represent a normative Christian-conservative view of upbringing and education, which in science is primarily related to the behaviouristic way of thinking, in which the educable is regarded as a passive object in a relationship of education based on power and authority. Thematically, of course, proverbs are also associated with the thoughts and works of other Estonian educational scientists – in particular, J. Käis, H. Liimets, A. Liimets, J. Orn, and I. Kraav, but in substantive emphasis these scientists represent a cognitive-constructivist, humanistic and hermeneutic-phenomenological way of thinking.
3
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Edukacja całożyciowa na przykładzie myśli pedagogicznej Don Lorenza Milaniego

72%
Carleo A. A.
Edukacja Ustawiczna Dorosłych
|
2013
|
issue 3(82)
19-26
XX
This article presents the concept of lifelong education in educational thought of Italian pedagogist Don Lorenzo Milani. This work begins with a brief description of the concept of lifelong learning, afterwards it shows its essence and objectives. Subsequently is presented lifelong education in pedagogical terms of Don Milani and a brief summary.
PL
Edukacja całożyciowa jest obecnie jednym z najczęściej poruszanych argumentów w ówczesnym świecie. Ma ona związek z polityką oświatową, społeczną, jak również ekonomią. Na jej powstanie, rozwój i coraz większe zainteresowanie miało wpływ wiele czynników, do których zaliczymy: wzrost zapotrzebowania na wykwalifikowanych pracowników, rozwój w zakresie medycyny, psychologii czy też technologii. Edukacja całożyciowa jako idea oraz aplikacja praktyczna znalazła odzwierciedlenie także w myśli pedagogicznej księdza pedagoga Don Lorenza Milaniego. Jego poglądy na ten temat oraz przeniesienie ich na grunt praktyki są godne poznania ze względu na ich specyfikę i aktualność.
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