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Postępowanie w trybie wyborczym

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PL
Niniejszy artykuł zwraca uwagę na specyficzne odmienności regulacji prawnych zawartych w ustawie z 5 stycznia 2011 r. kodeks wyborczy od „utartych reguł prawnych”. Instytucje objęte tytułem publikacji dotyczą trzech obszarów. Pierwszy ma na celu zbadanie legalności wyborów i związany jest z ewentualnym zakwestionowaniem ich wyniku poprzez wniesienie protestu wyborczego. Druga instytucja którą obejmuje wspólna nazwa „postępowanie w trybie wyborczym”, dotyka spraw związanych z tzw. rozpowszechnianiem informacji nieprawdziwych i konsekwencjami tego faktu, co w szczególności wynika z regulacji zawartej w art. 111 kodeksu wyborczego. Trzeci krąg, to inne środki prawne mające na celu ograniczony zakres odziaływania do konkretnego aktu w procesie wyborczym jak np. środek polegający na możności wniesienia skargi na odmowę wpisu do rejestru wyborców. Tak dokonany wybór, pozwolił na postawienie pierwszego wniosku, a mianowicie, iż proces wyborczy ma swoją dynamikę, a zasadniczą kwestią, która odmierza jego sekwencje są terminy i ich normatywne ukształtowanie. Kwestia kolejna, która została przybliżona w niniejszym artykule to spektrum środków, jakie stypizowane zostały w art. 111 kodeksu wyborczego w sytuacji ewentualnej reakcji na fakt rozpowszechniania nieprawdziwych informacji. Z całej palety możliwości, szczególną uwagę, autor artykułu zwraca na kwestie publikowania sprostowań i odpowiedzi. Instytucje te odwołują się do ustawy prawo prasowe. Niemiej zmiana ustawy prawo prasowe polegająca na wykreśleniu instytucji odpowiedzi (bez odpowiedniej zmiany w kodeksie wyborczym), czyni system ochrony zawarty w kodeksie wyborczym w przypadku żądania opublikowania odpowiedzi na stwierdzenia zagrażające dobrom osobisty całkowicie iluzorycznym. Wniosek ten jest tym bardziej niepokojący, gdyż instytucje te winny stanowić „bezpiecznik” służący ochronie opinii publicznej przed rozpowszechnianiem informacji nieprawdziwych, a więc służą one ochronie dobra publicznego. Dobra publicznego w postaci zapobiegania zniekształcenia wyniku wyborczego.
EN
This article draws attention to the specific differences in legal regulations contained in the Electoral Code from 5th of January 2011 from ‘fixed legal rules’. The institutions covered by the title of the publication concern three areas. The first one is aimed at examining the legality of the elections and is connected with the possible questioning of their result by filing an election protest. The second institution, which is known under the common name “proceedings in electoral mode”, deals with matters related to the socalled dissemination of untrue information and consequences of this fact, which in particular results from the regulation contained in art. 111 of the Electoral Code. The third circle are other legal measures aimed at limiting the scope of acting to a specific act in the electoral process, such as the measure consisting of the possibility of lodging a complaint against refusal to register in the Electoral Register. Such a choice made it possible to make the first conclusion, namely that the electoral process has its own dynamics, and that the essential issue that measures its sequences are terms and their normative shape. The next issue, which was mentioned in this article, is the spectrum of measures that have been included in art. 111 of the Electoral Code in the event of a possible reaction to the dissemination of false information.From the whole range of possibilities, the author draws a special attention to the issue of corrigenda and responses. Those institutions refer to the Press Law. Nevertheless, the amendment to the Press Law consisting of deleting the institution of response, makes the protection system included in the Electoral Code completely illusory in the case of requesting publication of the response to a statement threatening personal interests. This conclusion of this publication is deeply concerning, especially that those institutions ought to be a ‘fuse’ to protect the public from dissemination of untrue information, so that they could be used as a protective measure for the public welfare. This is a public welfare in the form of preventing distortion of the electoral result.
EN
In the modern constitutional state the mechanism of elections to the representative bodies serves a unique function. That is why the electoral judiciary is such important institution. In Slovakia the most important part of that kind of judiciary has been assigned to the Constitutional Court (CC), which has the power to rule on the constitutionality and legality of all (5) present in Slovakia types of elections. In terms of the number of judgments of the CC those of election complaints occupy the second position. The most numerous complaints are those against the municipal elections to the local government bodies, and their number is continously growing. The concentration of electoral judiciary in the hands of the body which has a specific, guaranteed by the Slovak Constitution position in the judicial system has numerous advantages. However, this concentration has its weaknesses, related primarily to the question of whether CC is able to guarantee the settlement of those cases within a reasonable period of time. The answer to this question must take into account not only the overall (growing) number of constitutional complaints brought before the CC with the specific dispute about them, but also the quantitative and qualitative parameters of the rest of his judicial functions. Establishing a deadline for resolving electoral complaints by the CC we consider as only formal way to solve it, not having a systemic nature and not related to the significance of the problem of “timeliness”. A balanced solution could continually leave all current powers of CC in election complaints, but with the difference that predicating on elections to the bodies of local selfgovernment would be entrusted to the CC adjudicating panels/formation (not plenum) and only the matters relating to other elections would still be the responsibility of the plenum of the CC. In this way, the largest settlement of electoral matters would be left to 4 “adjudicating bodies” (there are now four triple panels in the CC), which with no doubt would lead to the acceleration of proceeding and adjudicating on complaints of election.
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