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1

Rodzaje aukcji na wytwarzanie energii elektrycznej z odnawialnych źródeł energii w świetle przepisów ustawy o odnawialnych źródłach energii

100%

Kosiński E., Trupkiewicz M.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2017

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issue 3 (19)

51-68

EN

After an analysis of certain legal texts, the authors have established that under Polish law the President of the Energy Regulatory Offi ce may conduct 56 diff erent types of auctions for generators of the electric energy from renewable sources (RSE). For each individual RSE installation complying with the RES parameters a separate auction may be carried. One RSE installation may take part in several RSE auctions provided it satisﬁ es the parameters of each individual installation. These parameters concern both the premises connected with the start-up process (the commencement of the production of electric energy) of a given installation and the premises of technical nature such as carbon dioxide emission or the level of the installation capacity used, as well as premises of a subjective character regarding individual producers participating in the auction. A detailed analysis of all types of RSE auctions described in the Act of 20 February 2015 on renewable sources of energy allows to determine which types of installation may take part in individual actions. However, of key importance from the point of view of the possibility of a RSE auction to be carried are secondary regulations which allow the Council of Ministers to determine individual types of RSE auctions in which the volume of energy, subject of the auction, will be made available. Consequently the Council of Ministers which runs the State policy within the area of RSE has become essentially responsible not only for the possibility of conducting an RSE auction, but also for the implementation of the EU climate and energy policy which is also binding upon Poland.

2

Structural analysis of variation of electricity transmission marginal costs

88%

Namysłowska-Wilczyńska B., Wilczyński A.

Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics

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2013

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issue 1(39)

71-84

EN

The paper presents a surface model of the accounting costs of electricity transmission over the 220 kV and 400 kV networks. A structural analysis of marginal costs variation was carried out. Variogram functions (isotropic, directional variogram, variograms roses) were used to build the model. The model describes well the considered phenomenon, i.e. the area and time variation of marginal costs, and has great potential in the electrical power sector, especially in the context of the development of market mechanisms in electric energy trading. The model has made it possible to observe the existing tendencies in cost (directional and time) variation, which is useful for setting electricity transmission tariffs correctly stimulating the behaviour of the electric power network users – the electricity suppliers and consumers.

3

Zasoby węgla kamiennego czynnikiem bezpieczeństwa energetycznego. Górnictwo – energetyka – stabilizacja

88%

Wieczorek P.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2016

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vol. 61

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issue 3 (368)

94-118

EN

Hard coal has been for years considered the key factor of Poland’s energy safety. Such a perspective has been adopted in all consecutive governmental documents that set out the energy policy of the state, with the assumption that in Poland there are no conditions to quickly develop a low-emission economy which would be able to operate without coal. A significant challenge for Poland is the contrast between the importance of coal in the state’s power sector and the UE’s plans with regard to the climate policy, directed towards low-emission technologies and towards decarbonisation of the energy market. The article aims at defining the long-term role of hard coal as an element of Poland’s energy safety, and simultaneously at presenting the respective market, economic and financial, as well as legal and technological situation in the area.

4

Impacts of ICT on the Spatial Differentiation of Social Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in Poland

75%

Werner P., Iwańczak B.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2015

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vol. 19

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issue 4

64-71

EN

The development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has significant economic and social impacts at both the global and regional level. Some of these implications have been perceived as positive and unexpected. While both the positive and negative social and economic impacts have been highlighted in the literature, opinions on these impacts remain ambiguous. Those aspects considered to be advantageous include faster communication, ease of use, development in the range of services and revenues, and an increase in individuals’ free time allowance. ICT penetrates all branches of the economy as a set of general purpose technologies. New information and communication technologies ease everyday life, serve as tools to help people in extreme situations, e.g. accidents, illnesses or natural disasters, and are also the pillars of contemporary entertainment media. The usefulness of ICT has been stressed and loudly disseminated to a large extent by the media. On the other hand, these new technologies sensitize society in quite new ways to the well-known natural hazards that people have encountered in the past.

5

Geostatistical model (2D) of the surface distribution of electricity transmission marginal costs

75%

Namysłowska-Wilczyńska B., Wilczyński A.

Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics

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2013

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issue 1(39)

85-99

EN

The paper presents a surface model of the accounting costs of electricity transmission over the 220 kV and 400 kV networks. In the further stages of the studies, taking into account the results of structural analysis of marginal costs variation, an estimation technique, such as the ordinary (block) kriging, was used to build the model (2D). The model describes the area and time variation of marginal costs, and has great potential in the electrical power sector, especially in the context of the development of market mechanisms in electric energy trading. The model has made it possible to observe the existing tendencies in cost (directional and time) variation, which is useful for setting electricity transmission tariffs stimulating properly the behaviour of the electric power network users – the electricity suppliers and consumers. Thus, this way of stimulating takes into account the electric power network’s specificity and operating conditions, including the network losses (caused by electricity transmission), the transmission constraints and the broadly understood operational safety of the electric power system. The model of the area variation of electricity transmission marginal costs is also useful in electric power system development planning procedures.

6

Jak nie stabilizować cen energii elektrycznej - nieudana ingerencja państwa

51%

Sikorska E.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2021

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vol. 66

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issue 6/I (401)

52-65

EN

Despite the consistent policy of the European Union as for CO2 reduction, and the awareness of its impact on the growth of prices for access to energy, the competent minister did not prevent abrupt rises of electric energy in 2019 and the years that follo wed. The growing prices of the rights to CO2 emission resulted in the growth of prices of the energy produced from fossil fuels. The law that froze the electric energy prices was in force only by 2019, and it was of an ad hoc nature. It was developed in haste, carelessly, in non-compliance with the rules of legislation, without consultations with the entities that it involved, and its results were not considered thoroughly. Opinions on its compliance with the European Union’s laws were not provided on time, either. Although the law was binding only in 2019, it was amended four times, including two amendments stemming from breaches of the EU regulations. The stabilisation of prices introduced with that law cost PLN 4.5 billion. NIK assessed that the costs of the compensatory mechanisms of the four largest electric energy sellers and the company that made settlements stood at almost PLN 24 million. While households saved in 2019 from PLN 109 to PLN 305 on average. The law did not have an impact on the prices of electric energy after 2019, and after it stopped being in force, i.e. after 1 January 2020, these grew by almost 20 percent. In her article, the author presents the detailed findings of the audit in the area.

PL

Pomimo konsekwentnej polityki Unii Europejskiej ograniczania emisji CO2 i świadomości jej wpływu na wzrost cen uprawnień do emisji, organ odpowiedzialny nie zapobiegł skokowemu wzrostowi cen energii elektrycznej w 2019 r. i w następnych latach. Ustawa, która zamroziła ceny obowiązywała tylko w 2019 r. i miała charakter doraźny. Została przygotowana w pośpiechu, nierzetelnie, niezgodne z zasadami legislacji, bez konsultacji z podmiotami podlegającymi regulacji, z niekompletną oceną skutków. Nie zadbano o uzyskanie w odpowiednim czasie wymaganych opinii zgodności z prawem Unii Europejskiej. Choć ustawę przewidziano tylko na rok, była w tym czasie czterokrotnie nowelizowana, w tym dwu krotnie ze względu na naruszenie przepisów UE. Osiągnięta w ten sposób stabilizacja cen kosztowała 4,5 mld zł. NIK oszacowała, że koszty mechanizmów rekompensacyjnych czterech największych sprzedawców energii elektrycznej i spółki dokonującej rozliczeń wyniosły blisko 24 mln zł. W 2019 r. gospodarstwa domowe zaoszczędziły przeciętnie od 109 do 305 zł. Ustawa nie miała wpływu na ceny energii elektrycznej po 2019 r. i kiedy przestała obowiązywać wzrosły one dla nich o prawie 20%.

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2 Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics

2 Kontrola Państwowa

1 Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

1 Studia Prawa Publicznego

2 Namysłowska-Wilczyńska B.

2 Wilczyński A.

1 Iwańczak B.

1 Kosiński E.

1 Sikorska E.

1 Trupkiewicz M.

1 Werner P.

1 Wieczorek P.

1 2021

1 2019

1 2016