Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 11

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

Search:
in the keywords:  electronic money
help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
Money has existed in civilization for thousands years. The development of money has passed through various stages in accordance with time, place and circumstances. Primitive money took many forms, from cowrie shells to cattle and later transformed into metallic money (like gold, silver, copper, bronze, etc.) The continued development of money was very much linked to the growth in world trade and commerce. Next to cash came up non-cash payment transactions, mainly with credit or debit card. Money serves three purposes. First, it serves as a medium of exchange. Second, as a standard of value, it serves as a measure for the value of a good or service and thus provides a standard for making comparisons between different goods and services. Third, it must be widely accepted. The larger the community of users who trust and accept money, the more that its value as a medium of exchange is increased. Finally, when it is exchanged, there is anonymity. Rapid advances in technology, including Internet have made a lot of changes in payment methods. Technological innovations convert money into something more virtual than physical. Electronic money (e-money) is the digital equivalent of cash. It can be used for making payments without involving bank accounts in the transactions and always acts as a prepaid bearer instrument. E-money can be software or hardware based. One common type of hardware-based e-money is the ‘electronic purse’, where users store relatively small amounts of money on the chip or magnetic stripe of their payment card, other smart card or on mobile phones, to make small payments. Another option is to store e-money in a payment account on the Internet (software based). In general, e-money should be characterized as a substitute for currency (cash) The development of innovative e-money raises numerous legal and regulatory issues that must be addressed. These include finding acceptable methods for authentication and protection of information, accommodating the special needs of law enforcement, and creating the requisite means of settling disputes. The progressive development of technology and communication, harmonization of currency systems and becoming more common use of electronic instruments may create the uniform (European) system of electronic money. That would made e-money the legal tender with the force of redemption obligations.
EN
The money is a widely accepted commodity, by means of which it is possible to determine the economic value of purchased goods and services and make payments. Over the centuries, "money" has evolved many times. Their constantly changing character, generates questions on their future aspect. In the reference to the cryptocurrencies questions are focused on their nature and compliance with the definition of money.
EN
The paper is devoted to one of the channels of electronic banking – terminal banking. It presents the efforts of banking sector towards reducing the presence of cash in the financial turnover and lowering the costs of cash transactions thanks to development of high-tech ATM devices. The author points to the dynamics of changes related to the advances in this particular channel of contact, draws attention to the risks accompanying this form of contact and presents alternative forms of communication between a bank and its clients. The paper quotes data obtained from the Polish National Bank, the Polish Banks Association and EAST.
EN
The paper is focused on the still growing market of ATM devices and presents the growth of this market against the background of rapidly developing risks associated with electronic banking services. The paper also lists changes related to the progress in this particular channel of contact and presents alternative forms of communication between a bank and its clients. The paper also highlights the efforts undertaken by the banking sector towards reducing the presence of cash in the financial turnover and lowering the costs of cash transactions due to development of high-tech ATM devices. A growing number of available services, crucial for the ATM functionality and the level of ATMs social acceptability, however multiply the number of risks accompanying this process. Understanding various attack vectors and crimes is crucial to win the race with digital criminals and reduce the number of thefts. The paper quotes data obtained from the Polish National Bank, the Polish Banks Association and EAST.
PL
Pieniądz jest elementem gospodarki od wieków. Przez ten czas jego forma ewoluowała od prymitywnych produktów do banknotów i monet. Współcześnie coraz powszechniejsze staje się korzystanie z pieniądza elektronicznego, a nawet pieniądza wirtualnego. Pojawiają się zatem pytania, jak ten pieniądz działa, czy pełni takie same funkcje jak tradycyjny pieniądz i czy na pewno jest istotną alternatywą dla obecnie funkcjonującego pieniądza fiducjarnego. W tym kontekście rodzi się pytanie, czy system finansowy w obecnym kształcie może nadal funkcjonować, czy też będzie raczej ewoluować w kierunku systemu opartego na walucie wirtualnej. Celem opracowania jest próba przedstawienia pieniądza wirtualnego jako alternatywy dla tradycyjnego pieniądza oraz ewentualnych konsekwencji wynikających z jego ekspansji na rynku. Analiza zawarta w opracowaniu odnosi się przede wszystkim do warunków polskich.
EN
Money has been an element of the economy for centuries. During this time, its form evolved from primitive items to banknotes and coins. Nowadays, the use of electronic money and even virtual money is becoming more and more common. Therefore, there appear the questions how this money works, whether it fulfills the same functions as traditional money and whether it is an important alternative to the currently operating fiat money. In this context, the question arises whether the financial system in its present shape may continue to function or whether it rather evolves towards a system based on virtual currency. The aim of the study is to present virtual money as an alternative to traditional money and possible consequences of its expansion on the market. The analysis included in the study refers primarily to Polish conditions.
EN
The lack of a legal framework did not prevent Ukraine from ranking third among the world leaders in the use of cryptocurrencies in 2022. In terms of the sum of indicators, Ukraine is ahead of such tech giants as the United States (5th place), China (10th place), and the United Kingdom (17th place). The purpose of the study is to identify the underlying principles for the introduction of a new legal definition of “digital things” and “digital content” and their prospects for use, which are laid down in draft laws No. 6447 and No. 6576, as initiatives that are satellites to the relevant law on virtual assets. As a reminder, the Parliament of Ukraine adopted the Law of Ukraine “On Virtual Assets” No. 2074-IX on February 17, 2022. Since the adoption of Law 2074 by the Parliament of Ukraine on February 17, 2022 and until the period of 2023, significant events have taken place. They have significantly affected the plans of the Parliament of Ukraine to launch mandatory amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine provided for in the Draft Law 7150 and simultaneously enact Law 2074 from October 1, 2022. The study was based on the analysis of the legislative framework of Ukraine, the European Union and other international acts, including those ratified by the Parliament of Ukraine. The study has led to a number of conclusions. Draft Law No. 6447 introduces the definition of a “digital thing” that is in circulation only in digital form; these include virtual assets, digital content, online accounts, money and securities that exist exclusively in digital form. Its adoption will help potential consumers to protect their rights to digital content, online accounts, virtual assets, even money and securities that exist exclusively in digital form. Comparing the concepts of “digital thing” and “digital content” proposed by draft laws No. 6447 and No. 6576, we found signs of legal tautology in determining what is primary and what is secondary. The addition of the words “digital content” to Article 177 of the Civil Code and the expansion of the concept of a thing to “material and digital things” is at least more declarative.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję krajowej instytucji pieniądza elektronicznego, która mogłaby wspierać zadania Zakładu Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS) w zakresie płatności. ZUS dzięki działalności podległej instytucji powinien osiągnąć następujące efekty: – zaoferowanie świadczeniobiorcom korzyści społecznych (zmniejszenie skali wykluczenia finansowego) i stricte finansowych, które przejawią się m.in. w większej funkcjonalności legitymacji emeryta i rencisty (funkcja bezgotówkowego instrumentu płatniczego) i możliwości skorzystania z podstawowych usług płatniczych w ramach elektronicznej portmonetki, – retencja środków pieniężnych w ZUS i efektywniejsze zarządzanie przepływem strumieni finansowych, skutkujące oszczędnościami w funkcjonowaniu ZUS oraz pośrednimi dochodami odsetkowymi i kapitałowymi, – zmniejszenie kosztów obsługi gotówkowej ZUS (szacowanych na ok. 200 mln zł rocznie), – promocja obrotu bezgotówkowego i􀁢wspieranie w tym zakresie Narodowego Banku Polskiego (NBP) oraz Koalicji na Rzecz Obrotu Bezgotówkowego i Mikropłatności, – zapewnienie zgodności z wymogami SEPA (Jednolitego Obszaru Płatności w Euro), – wspieranie działalności rządu, Ministerstwa Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej, Ministerstwa Rozwoju i Ministerstwa Finansów w tworzeniu transparentnego systemu finansowego przyjaznego obywatelom i przynoszącego korzyści finansowe państwu.
EN
In the article presented is the concept of a domestic electronic money institution, which could support tasks of the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) in the scope of payments. ZUS by the activity of a subordinated institution should achieve the following aims: – offering social benefits (reduced scale of financial exclusion) and purely financial to the beneficiaries, that will manifest themselves, among others, in the greater functionality of pensioner legitimacy (the function of a cashless payment instrument) and possible access to basic payment services via the electronic purse, – retention of liquidity in ZUS and more efficient management of the financial flows, resulting in savings in the operation of social security and indirect interest and capital incomes, – reducing the cost of cash services in ZUS (estimated at approx. 200 million PLN per year), – promotion of cashless transactions and supporting the Polish central bank (NBP) and the Coalition for Cashless Transactions and Micropayments in this scope, – ensuring compliance with the SEPA requirements (Single Euro Payments Area), – supporting the activities of the government, the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy, Ministry of Development and the Ministry of Finance in the creation of a transparent financial system, which is citizen-friendly and which bring financial benefi ts to the state.
EN
Development of information economy, powered with information technology, provides new methods of electronic payments. According to marketing claims, they are expected to be cheaper, faster, safe and moreover convenient. They also face new requirements posed by rapidly developing Internet trade. Meeting completely new challenges, traditional cash emerges to be anachronism, not suitable for XXI century image. More and more often, the prophets predict the of inevitable cash dismissing. The alternatives to cash electronic innovations should take into account all functions of money: monetary unit, a monetary instrument and means of payment. Traditional cash money incorporate all of them. Regarding the aforementioned functions, cash competing innovations could be discriminated into a few categories: cashless electronic payments, electronic money (sensu stricte concept), electronic cash and virtual currencies. Each of them could be a source of advantages and disadvantages or even threats. The other issue is estimation of consequences of abandoning traditional cash, which are very ambiguous. That is why it seems that “the rumors about cash death have been greatly exaggerated”.
PL
Rozwój gospodarki informacyjnej, napędzany rozwojem technologii informatycznych, dostarcza stale nowych rozwiązań w obszarze płatności elektronicznych. Na ich tle tradycyjna, papierowa gotówka jawi się coraz częściej jako anachronizm nieprzystający do wizerunku XXI w. Coraz częściej pojawiają się w związku z tym prognozy zwiastujące koniec gotówki. Rozważane różnorodne alternatywy wobec płatności gotówkowych muszą uwzględniać złożony charakter współczesnego pieniądza, definiowanego zarówno przez pryzmat miernika wartości, jednostki monetarnej, jak i środka płatniczego. W ich kontekście głębszej analizie należałoby poddać szerokie spektrum elektronicznych płatności bezgotówkowych, pieniądz elektroniczny w koncepcji sensu stricte, gotówkę elektroniczną czy waluty wirtualne. Odrębną kwestią, będącą przedmiotem opracowania, jest dyskusja korzyści i zagrożeń, jakie niosłaby rezygnacja z fizycznej gotówki. Wobec niejednoznaczności tej oceny na razie można uznać, że pogłoski o rychłej śmierci gotówki są „mocno przesadzone”.
EN
The article describes the legal regulations related to raising funds for the operation of a non-governmental organization with the use of selected digital solutions. Its purpose is to present the regulatory environment and the main requirements resulting from it, which must be taken into account by non-governmental organizations planning their fundraising activities with the use of new technologies. It examines the subject of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and crypto-assets based on it, including cryptocurrencies and tokens, in particular NFT. In addition, it analyzes issues related to crowdfunding and its various types, as well as the issuance of electronic money.
PL
Artykuł opisuje prawne regulacje związane z pozyskiwaniem środków na działanie organizacji pozarządowych za pomocą wybranych rozwiązań cyfrowych. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie środowiska regulacyjnego oraz głównych wymagań z niego wypływających, które muszą być brane pod uwagę przez organizacje pozarządowe planujące swoje aktywności w pozyskiwaniu środków przy użyciu nowych technologii. W tekście poruszono tematykę technologii rozproszonego rejestru (DLT) oraz bazujących na niej kryptoaktywów, w tym kryptowalut i tokenów, szczególnie NFT, przeanalizowano również kwestie związane z finansowaniem społecznościowym i jego różnymi odmianami oraz emisją pieniądza elektronicznego.
EN
The financial crisis of 2007/08 had shattered the global financial system and led – besides a flood of regulations – to a wide range of new concepts and business models. One of these new concepts was “Bitcoin”, a private digital monetary system, which is characterized by decentralization, transparency and immutability. To date the underlying Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has evolved and offers an extensive range of possibilities, particularly in the financial industry. So far, an EU-wide legal basis for Blockchain or DLT applications and services is missing. France and the Principality of Liechtenstein took a step forward and adopted national laws trying to offer legal certainty in this field. This article aims to provide a comparison of the two acts and underline the similarities and differences.
EN
New technologies are widely entering all areas of law. In financial law they have began to be applied early. Simple registering and accounting methods, including international ones, have been replaced by computer techniques. After Poland’s accession to the European Union, various forms of information flow intensified. Legal EU solutions have also come into force in Poland. Currently, new technologies are widely used in most branches of financial law, hence the study shows selected examples, taking into account the impact of EU regulations. In the field of tribute law, a system of electronic collection of personal data, preparation of electronic documents, exchange of information between countries by electronic means and electronic road toll systems are presented. In the field of banking law, activities of EU credit institutions in the form of crossborder activities, an integrated European market for payment services and the issuing of electronic money are presented.
PL
Nowe technologie powszechnie wkraczają do wszelkich dziedzin prawa. W prawie finansowym zaczęły być stosowane wcześnie. Proste sposoby ewidencjonowania i rozliczeń, w tym międzynarodowych, zastąpiono technikami komputerowymi. Po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej nasiliły się różne formy przepływu informacji. Zaczęły również obowiązywać Polskę prawne rozwiązania unijne. Obecnie nowe technologie mają zastosowanie w większości działów prawa finansowego w szerokim zakresie, stąd opracowanie ukazuje wybrane przykłady uwzględniając wpływ regulacji unijnych. Nowe technologie powszechnie wkraczają do wszelkich dziedzin prawa. W prawie finansowym zaczęły być stosowane wcześnie. Proste sposoby ewidencjonowania i rozliczeń, w tym międzynarodowych, zastąpiono technikami komputerowymi. Po przystąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej nasiliły się różne formy przepływu informacji. Zaczęły również obowiązywać Polskę prawne rozwiązania unijne. Obecnie nowe technologie mają zastosowanie w większości działów prawa finansowego w szerokim zakresie, stąd opracowanie ukazuje wybrane przykłady uwzględniając wpływ regulacji unijnych.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.