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Studia Ełckie
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2020
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vol. 22
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issue 2
169-178
EN
The aim of this article is to provide an introduction into the ethics of values developed by Józef Tischner. In his analyses, the philosopher from Cracow departs from the ethics of norms and presents the reality of choices as a way of realizing values. In the encounter with the Other, a drama takes place – one that reveals the truth about the human condition. An indispensable element of this drama is freedom, which, although it may be the cause of mistakes, is, above all, a way of the existence of good and a condition of personal growth.
EN
Workplaces have become increasingly diverse as a result of migration and other socio-economic changes in Europe. In the light of post-2004 migration, many Polish migrants find themselves in workplaces where multiculture is an everyday lived experience. By drawing on narrative interviews conducted with Polish migrant women in Manchester and Barcelona, this paper focuses on the complexities of interaction with other ethnic groups at work, demonstrating various forms of conviviality. The study reveals more and less meaningful forms of contact at work including workplace friendships, light-hearted forms of conviviality characterised by the interplay of language and humour, relations based on care and respect for difference, as well as forced encounters marked by superficial and involuntary interaction. The findings show that while workplace can be a place of meaningful interaction, it can also involve conflict and tensions. The narratives illustrate that workplace relations can be influenced by the dynamics of gender, race, ethnicity, socio-economic circumstances and immigration discourses. The paper contributes analytically and empirically to the understanding of different forms of encounters in the workplace.
EN
This article studies the unrestraint in beliefs associated with the overemphasizing of our beliefs. The author argues that the intolerance for other points of view appears (among other factors) because of a naively-objectivist understanding of philosophy, one which is based on two assumptions: first, philosophy is considered only as a theory and not an individual practice, not an experience, and second, the truth is considered as identical to a certain ideal-objective content that can be in one’s possession. There are true ideas and proper words. If we learn these ideas, we will definitely seize the truth. The author opposes this understanding the notion of philosophy which is based on the experience of the encounter and upon reflexive comprehension of this experience. It is possible to minimize unrestraint in beliefs if we assume that all the points of view including our own are considered as belonging to the incomprehensible Absolute.
EN
While Polish migration to the UK has attracted much academic attention, there has been less discussion about the consequences of Polish migrants’ encounters with difference in socially diverse UK contexts. In particular, relatively little has been written about how Polish migrants describe or refer to ‘visible’ difference in terms of ethnicity, nationality, religion, class and gender. This reflects a broader tendency in migration studies to frequently overlook the production and transnational transfer of migrant language. In this article, I explore how Polish post-2004 migrants to the northern English city of Leeds produce ‘the language of difference’ and how this migrant language is passed on to non-migrants in Poland. I distinguish two types of language of difference – the language of stigma and the language of respect. I note that migrants construct both speech normativities through engaging with rhetoric exist- ing in the Polish and/or the UK context as well as through developing ‘migrant slang’ of difference. I further argue that the language of stigma and the language of respect are transferred to Poland via the agency of migrants. The article draws upon a broader study of Polish migrants’ values and attitudes towards difference and the circulation of ideas between these migrants and their family members and friends in Poland. It contributes to emerging debates on Polish migrants’ encounters with difference and social remittances between the UK and Poland.
EN
John Wesley’s famous account of his heart being “strangely warmed” is often considered a conversion. However, his change is less about identity as a Christian, and is more about manner of being. Wesley’s change is best understood as an affective encounter. It is affective in being about bodily experience and initially pre-rational. However, that affective moment was possible due to previous encounters and intentional designs that prepared the possibilities for affective experiences. It is an encounter, following Louis Althusser’s theorization of the term, as a moment of change that might not have happened. Chance is taken seriously with the encounter, and combined with intentional design. Wesley might not have interacted with the Moravian sect in ways that set him up for his affective experience; rhetorical studies can use the encounter and affect to consider probability and chance more, and to think about rhetoric as the design of possible encounters.
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Między dramatyką a dialogiką

75%
Logos i Ethos
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2014
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issue 1(36)
53–72
EN
Józef Tischner’s philosophy of drama belongs to the tradition of philosophy of dialogue. However a “drama” (the keyword of that philosophy) origins in a different approach to philosophy of man. Whereas the dialogue is an encounter, a love, a responsibility for the Other, a lack of distance – the drama is a fight, tension, sometimes even a mortal combat. Dialogue is an opening for the Other while drama is a game between salvation and damnation. Tischner does explain fundamental human experience and human relations by this term in the same time. The tension between these two concepts is presented and considered in the paper. An analysis of contexts, where these terms appear, helps to see mutual influences and how they modify one another their meaning. The sense of dialogue changes in philosophy of drama, the drama acquires a new meaning. A term tension becomes crucial for this relation.
Verbum Vitae
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2022
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vol. 40
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issue 2
447-465
EN
Inspired both by the phenomenological thought of Karol Tarnowski and Józef Tischner and the personalist theology of Czeslaw Bartnik, the article fits into contextual soteriology which deliberately uses the method of correlation. The aim of this article is to present the Christian meaning of salvation in the context of one of the most moving existential experiences, that is the experience of anxiety (Angst). The indelible phenomenon of anxiety raises important soteriological questions: Who or what can bring the fullness of salvation to men and women? In what circumstances is the experience of salvation possible to the human being who is called an “anxious existence”? The first part of the article shows the essential difference between anxiety and fear (in contrast to fear, the matter of anxiety is real but indeterminate). The second part presents an ambivalent character of anxiety (anxiety can lead to despair or to salvation) and human attempts to overcome anxiety through falling into an inauthentic existence (a utopia of “salvation by fashion”). The third part characterizes an “eschatological conscience” (a conscience filled with anxiety of tragic finality) and its antithesis in the form of a “soteriological conscience” (a conscience which is open to the possibility of salvation coming from God). The last part of the article argues that the phenomenon of authentic interpersonal encounter is a necessary condition to experience the salvation coming from God in Christ.
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2023
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vol. 6
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issue 1
9-22
EN
It is worth looking at how the experience of meeting the Other was recorded in their works by artists. Among them is Polish Nobel Prize winner Wislawa Szymborska, who in 1962 included the poem A Conversation with a Stone in her collection Salt. Its interpreters usually drew attention to the epistemological issues hidden inside it, but it is worth widening the circle of possible interpretations of this poem to include an existential theme. For an important context of the poem is the philosophy of dialogue. The message of this puzzling lyric stems from a specific poetic procedure. Szymborska reverses the dialogical perspective: she does not ask what is implied by the fact that object relations appear in our space of encounter with persons. On the contrary, she asks what follows from the fact that personal references appear in the space of our encounters with things.
PL
Warto się przyjrzeć temu, w jaki sposób doświadczenie spotkania z Innym zapisywali w swych dziełach artyści. Jest wśród nich m.in. polska noblistka Wisława Szymborska, która w 1962 roku w zbiorze Sól umieściła m.in. wiersz Rozmowa z kamieniem. Jego interpretatorzy zwracali zwykle uwagę na skrytą w jego wnętrzu problematykę epistemologiczną, warto jednak poszerzyć krąg możliwych interpretacji tego wiersza o wątek egzystencjalny. Ważnym kontekstem wiersza jest bowiem filozofia dialogu. Przesłanie tego zagadkowego liryku wynika ze specyficznego zabiegu poetyckiego. Szymborska odwraca dialogową perspektywę: nie pyta o to, co wynika z tego, że w naszej przestrzeni spotkania z osobami pojawiają się relacje przedmiotowe. Wręcz przeciwnie – pyta o to, co wynika z tego, że w przestrzeni naszych kontaktów z rzeczami pojawiają się odniesienia osobowe.
EN
The subject of the discussion contained in the article are selected spaces of film culture focusing on the issues of the Other. This objective of this article is also to present the role of the film in encounter with the Other and an attempt to find an answer to the question of how and for what purpose selected documentary and feature films speaking about the Other? Filmmakers are more and more concerned with the subject of multiculturalism, ethnic differences or the migratory crisis. In the face of growing problems concerning intolerance, respect or hostility towards Another, the film may be helpful in shaping attitudes of openness to otherness, based on universal values and on respect for cultural and ethnic diversity. The cinema allows encounter with the Other. Films present different values and perspectives and allow for their exchange. Filmmakers do not propose system solutions, but they use the movie camera as one of the tools of change. They are illustrating a specific problem and try to build a sense of justice and responsibility for the Other.
PL
Przedmiotem rozważań zawartych w artykule są wybrane obszary kultury filmowej skupiające się na problematyce Innego. Refleksja nad rolą filmu w spotkaniu z Innym stanowi próbę znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak i w jakim celu wybrane filmy dokumentalne i fabularne ukazują Innego. Twórcy filmowi coraz częściej poruszają tematykę dotyczącą wielokulturowości, odmienności etnicznych czy kryzysu migracyjnego. W obliczu narastających problemów dotyczących braku tolerancji, szacunku czy wrogości wobec Innego film może być pomocny w kształtowaniu postaw otwartości na inność, opartych na uniwersalnych wartościach, na szacunku do różnorodności kulturowej i etnicznej. Filmy stanowią medium umożliwiające spotkanie z drugą osobą (Innym), pozwalają na prezentację i wymianę rozmaitych wartości i perspektyw. Filmowcy nie proponują systemowych rozwiązań, ale wykorzystują kamerę jako jedno z narzędzi zmiany; przez ilustrację konkretnego problemu starają się budować poczucie sprawiedliwości i odpowiedzialności za Innego.
PL
Twórczość Fiodora Dostojewskiego ma duże znaczenie dla kształtowania się XX-wiecznej filozofii dialogu. Jego spojrzenie na bohatera powieściowego jest zawsze rezultatem skonfrontowania własnej świadomości ze świadomością innych, czemu sprzyja przejście od narracji auktorialnej do personalnej: postaci, opisując swoje przeżycia i sposób postrzegania świata, prowadzą dialogi wewnętrzne, które pomagają im odnaleźć lub nadać sens własnej egzystencji. Prawda o mnie lub o innym człowieku odsłania się w spotkaniach z innymi ludźmi, ale nie może być precyzyjnie opisana, ponieważ zagubiłaby się wtedy spontaniczność, autentyczność i wielowymiarowość osoby. Aby mogło dojść do otwarcia drugiemu kredytu zaufania, człowiek mu się przed nim otworzyć, nawet jeżeli zamiast wzajemności napotyka mur obojętności lub nienawiści. Takie właśnie, przepełnione szczerością, a zarazem żądzą wypowiedzenia „nowego słowa” (może to być myśl, idea, wynalazek, zmiana społeczna, dokonanie rewolucyjnych zmian), spotkania bohaterów Zbrodni i kary, Idioty i Braci Karamazow analizowane są w artykule. Dostojewski prezentuje w nich istotę tego, co może zdarzyć się między ludźmi, kiedy pozwalają porwać się niezwykłym przeżyciom o wielkiej mocy, zrzucając chętnie zakładane na co dzień maski.
EN
The works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky played an important role in shaping the 20th century philosophy of dialogue. His view on the novel’s protagonist is always the result of confronting his own consciousness with the consciousness of others, which is facilitated by shifting from auctorial to personal narration: the characters, describing their experiences and outlook, conduct an internal dialogue which helps them to find or make sense of their own existence. The truth about me or about another person is revealed in encounters with other people but it cannot be described with precision because the spontaneity, authenticity, and multi-dimensionality of the person would otherwise be lost. In order to give another person the credit of trust, we must open to them even if, instead of reciprocity, we encounter indifference or hatred. This article analyses such encounters of the protagonists of Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, and The Brothers Karamazov; encounters which are replete with honesty as well as the desire to utter “a new word” (this could be a thought, an idea, an invention, a social change, a revolutionary change). In them, Dostoyevsky presents the essence of what can happen between people when they let themselves be overwhelmed by exceptional and powerful experiences and take off the masks and veils readily used every day.
EN
The main task which I pose for myself is to indicate the philosophical roots of the dialogical concept of law. First and foremost, I would like to present dialogue in the context of ancient Greek philosophy and in the context of the classicists of the philosophy of dialogue. Furthermore, I seek phenomenological bases for constructing the dialogical concept of law. The phenomenological method, starting with its classical Husserlian form, has undergone many changes. Thanks to the indication of new horizons of phenomenology by Emmanuel Levinas, discovering dialogical consciousness and the subject constituted in being with the Other are possible. The reference point of reflections on the concept of law is the relationship with the Other as an ethical relationship. Philosophy of dialogue is a certain possible prism of thinking about the social, public, and institutional space. It is thinking through the prism of dialogue (speaking), but also through the third who contributes discourse relevant to what is said. Law as the third, as the mediating element, is a co-constituting element of the entire legal world.
EN
In the article the category of the bodily encounter with the animal is presented. This concept is inspired by the Irigarayan notion of “bodily encounter with the mother” and it is developed using an example of the relation between a girl and a dog — two beings so far often excluded from the philosophical inquiries. The author constructs the category of bodily encounter with the animal referring to ideas coined by Luce Irigaray, Rosi Braidotti and Jolanta Brach-Czaina and places the very concept in a broader philosophical context. With reference to the category of bodily encounter with the animal, the author reflects on what is exceptional in the encounter between a girl and a dog, and investigates into the subversive potential of such an encounter and challenges it may pose to the given power relations.
EN
Encounter as a philosophical category comprises a lot of various types of relations and configurations of a man with another man. In Poland in the last twenty years of the 20th century and later there developed a flourishing environment of philosophers who examined the problems of interpersonal encounter in the spirit of the synthesis of phenomenology and personalism. The Polish philosophers of encounter came to a few essential findings referring to the subject of encounter considered in the comprehensive and general way. The article attempts to apply the general philosophical issue worked out in this trend so to consider the problem in more detailed way. The essential question is: can the findings of the Polish philosophy of encounter be useful to examine the relations in the family environment for the effectiveness of fulfilling the educational function towards children by the family? The author proves that some philosophical settlements can actually be used in such a research area.
PL
Spotkanie [encounter] jako kategoria filozoficzna obejmuje wiele różnorodnych typów relacji i konfiguracji człowieka z człowiekiem. W Polsce w ostatnich 20 latach XX wieku i później rozwijało się prężnie środowisko filozofów, wnikliwie badających problematykę spotkań międzyludzkich w duchu syntezy fenomenologii z personalizmem. Polscy filozofowie spotkania doszli do kilku znaczących odkryć i ustaleń, odnoszących się do całościowo i ogólnie ujętego tematu spotkania. Artykuł podejmuje próbę aplikacji ogólnej problematyki filozoficznej, wypracowanej w tym nurcie, do rozważenia bardziej szczegółowego problemu. Zasadnicze pytanie brzmi: czy odkrycia polskiej filozofii spotkania mogą być użyteczne w zastosowaniu do zbadania relacji w środowisku rodzinnym pod kątem efektywności wypełniania przez rodzinę funkcji wychowawczej względem dzieci. Autor dowodzi, że niektóre rozstrzygnięcia filozoficzne rzeczywiście mają zastosowanie w tak określonym obszarze badawczym.
EN
In this article two basic human situations are juxtaposed: the situation of a relationship with another human being (a dialogue) and the situation of human loneliness, characterized here as ideology. Their juxtaposition is based on the concepts of three outstanding, though very different, thinkers, combining philosophy and pedagogical activity. They are Ferdinand Ebner, Louis Althusser, and Paulo Freire. Ebner represents here the philosophy of dialogue, thus the trend perceiving the natural condition of man (to somewhat simplify it) in a dialogic situation. Althusser, as a neo-Marxist, sees the same condition in the immersion in ideology. In contrast, Freire – the developer of the “pedagogy of dialogue” – is trying to present a possibility to move from enslavement in ideology to freedom in dialogue. On the basis of this diversity of concepts an attempt is made to determine the “conditions of the possibility” to move from ideology to dialogue, and therefore also from enslavement to freedom. Particular importance is attributed to the issue of trust, the issue of “breaking natural life” (Ebner’s term), and the question of the use of violence. When asked about the possibility of living in freedom and emancipation in a world infected with ideology, one cannot answer at the general and “objective” level, but in each case at the personal and subjective one. Thus, a desire to completely eliminate ideology would be perhaps fairly illusory, but it seems possible, despite the presence of ideology, to be aware of this presence and to choose a real person instead of it.
PL
W niniejszym artykule zostają zestawione dwie podstawowe sytuacje człowieka: sytuacja relacji z drugim człowiekiem (dialog) oraz sytuacja ludzkiej samotności, charakteryzowana tu jako ideologia. Ich zestawienie opiera się na koncepcjach trzech wybitnych, lecz bardzo różnych myślicieli, łączących filozofię i działanie pedagogiczne. Są to Ferdinand Ebner, Louis Althusser oraz Paulo Freire. Ebner reprezentuje tu filozofię dialogu, a więc nurt postrzegający naturalny stan człowieka – nieco upraszczając – w sytuacji dialogicznej. Althusser, jako neomarksista, widzi zaś tenże stan w zanurzeniu w ideologii. Natomiast Freire – twórca „pedagogiki dialogu” – stara się zaprezentować możliwość przejścia od zniewolenia w ideologii do wolności w dialogu. Na podstawie tej różnorodności koncepcji podjęta zostaje próba określenia „warunków możliwości” przejścia od ideologii do dialogu, a więc także od zniewolenia do wolności. Szczególne znaczenie zostaje przypisane problemowi zaufania, problemowi „złamania życia naturalnego” (określenie Ebnera), oraz pytaniu o stosowanie przemocy. Na pytanie o możliwość życia w wolności i wyzwalania w zainfekowanym ideologią świecie nie da się jednak odpowiedzieć na poziomie ogólnym i „obiektywnym”, lecz każdorazowo na poziomie osobistym i subiektywnym. Tak więc iluzoryczne byłoby być może pragnienie wyeliminowania ideologii całkowicie, jednak możliwe wydaje się, mimo obecności ideologii, uświadomienie sobie tej obecności i wybieranie zamiast niej realnego człowieka.
EN
This contribution makes the case that education has inherent purposes which distinguish it as a human practice; purposes that are distinct from those of the state. The philosophical and historical ancestry of these purposes is explored. This exploration reveals that educational experience is more properly understood as a live encounter with inheritances of learning than as a matter of transmission. The teaching of religion is taken as a concrete example to highlight this key difference. Where the state fails to recognise the inherent purposes of education, these purposes can become compromised. Accordingly, educational practice may fall victim to different kinds of domination. Some historical and more recent examples of such domination are identified and considered, as is an example of a healthy relationship between the state and educational practice. The consequences of the investigation for pedagogical research and practice, and for the proper relationship of the state to education, are then reviewed.
PL
Artykuł rozwija argumentację na rzecz edukacji, mającej nieodłączne (sobie właściwe) cele, które ją wyróżniają jako ludzką praktykę i które są odmienne od celów państwa. Badanie filozoficznego i historycznego pochodzenia tych celów ukazuje, że doświadczenie edukacyjne jest nie tyle kwestią transmisji (przekazu), ile żywym spotkaniem z dziedzictwem uczenia się. Aby naświetlić tę różnicę, odwołano się do przykładu nauczania religii. Tam, gdzie państwo nie rozpoznaje celów własnych edukacji, owe cele są wystawione na szwank, a praktyka edukacyjna może paść ofiarą różnych form dominacji/panowania. Kilka historycznych i bardziej współczesnych przykładów takiej dominacji zostało rozpoznanych i wziętych pod uwagę, łącznie z przykładem zdrowej relacji między państwem a praktyką edukacyjną. Pozwala to na koniec sformułować wnioski dla badań pedagogicznych i praktyki, ale także na temat właściwej relacji między państwem a edukacją.
EN
Aim. Based on Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology of education and theory of postcolonialism, to explain how the teacher’s position changes in the processes of cultural transmission to their pupils. Concepts. Bourdieu states that the purpose of a school is to reproduce power relations. Teachers, using their authority, implement a culture that supports the position of the dominant class. However, various new studies show a decline in teacher’s authority. The rupture of hierarchical connections in the process of culture imposition is being studied in postcolonialism. By applying the ideas of Homi K. Bhabha, the modern teacher activity can be explained not as a cultural reproduction but as a teacher’s constant encounters with the culture of the Other. A space where cultural encounters take place, Bhabha names the Third Space. Here, a new hybrid culture emerges, and a school becomes open to otherness and diversity. Results. In contemporary society, teachers do not have enough authority to impose a cultural reproduction. Teachers are forced to choose resistance to their culture by encountering pupils and collaborating with their pupils’ culture. As a result, a hybrid culture emerges, and the Third Space forms in schools. Conclusion. Contemporary education is heavily influenced by societal changes, which are shaping new conditions at schools and different perceptions of teachers’ work. Previous theories of the sociology of education provide only a limited explanation of these processes. By expanding these theories with theories from the field of culture, we broaden our understanding and ability to explain the processes in today’s classrooms. However, such a theoretical approach should be validated by empirical studies in the future. Originality. By applying the postcolonialism theory to explain the process of cultural formation in schools between the teachers and their pupils.
EN
* The original article "Echi della letteratura italiana nell’ opera «Ill senso religioso» di don Luigi Giussani" was published in Roczniki Pedagogiczne, vol. 15, no. 1 (2023), pp. 155-168. This article analyses a less studied aspect of Don Luigi Giussani’s work, his style of writing and the method of analysis of the texts that the author knows and mentions in his works. Fr Giussani cannot be considered a literary critic, but his profound culture leads him to seek all those aspects of the literary work that he feels close to his own experience, and which best respond testify to the desires and fears of every man. Therefore, the contribution speaks of a meeting with the authors mentioned. The text mainly refers to the work The Religious Sense, while for the poets who are remembered, reference is made above all to Italian writers. We intend to make a comparison between what are some judgments expressed on the authors cited by modern and contemporary criticism in comparison with what Don Giussani affirms about these authors. In the text, an attempt has been made where possible to go back to the original texts.
PL
* Artykuł oryginalny w języku włoskim pt. „Echi della letteratura italiana nell’ opera «Ill senso religioso» di don Luigi Giussani” został opublikowany w Rocznikach Pedagogicznych 15(51) 2023, nr 1, s. 155-168 Niniejszy artykuł analizuje mniej zbadany aspekt twórczości księdza Luigiego Giussaniego, jego styl pisarski, a także metodę analizy tekstów, które autor zna i wspomina w swoich pracach. Ksiądz Giussani nie może być uważany za krytyka literackiego, ale jego głęboka kultura skłania go do poszukiwania tych wszystkich aspektów dzieła literackiego, które są bliskie jego własnemu doświadczeniu i najlepiej odpowiadają na pragnienia i lęki każdego człowieka. Dlatego w tekście mowa jest o spotkaniu z wymienionymi autorami. Tekst odnosi się przede wszystkim do Zmysłu religijnego, natomiast jeśli chodzi o przywołanych poetów nawiązuje się zwłaszcza do pisarzy włoskich. Naszym zamiarem było dokonanie porównania między niektórymi osądami wyrażanymi na temat autorów cytowanych przez nowoczesną i współczesną krytykę z tym, co ksiądz Giussani stwierdza o tych autorach. W tekście sięgnięto do oryginalnych tekstów tam, gdzie było to możliwe.
PL
Celem opracowania jest wskazanie, jak ważne dla prawidłowego przebiegu procesu edukacyjno-wychowawczego jest zagadnienie spotkania. Zastosowana przez autora metoda polega na analizie pojęcia spotkania w perspektywie nauk humanistycznych i społecznych. Dzięki czemu można wskazać istotowe (duchowe-metafizyczne) aspekty spotkania jako wydarzenia interpersonalnego, poprzez odniesienie do kategorii ontologicznych, przykładem której może być przestrzeń obcowań. Autor założył, iż spotkanie jest z gruntu wydarzeniem pozytywnym. Punktem odniesienia w tej refleksji jest kwestia potencjału duchowego homo sapiens, a co za tym idzie – kondycji kultury populacji ludzkiej. W ostatnim okresie cechuje ją wyjątkowa słabość, natomiast niekwestionowany jest prymat (dominacja) kultury masowej, która unicestwia pierwiastek duchowy. Dla każdego humanisty sytuacja ta jest uzasadnionym powodem do niepokoju. Należy zatem powrócić do kwestii fundamentalnej – umacniania pozycji kultury wysokiej, pamiętając, iż człowiek to animal symbolicum i nie może skupiać się jedynie na zaspokajaniu potrzeb niższego rzędu. Jednakże duchowość jest wymagająca. Stawia człowiekowi wysokie wymagania; najwyższą ceną, którą przychodzi mu płacić jest kwestia wyrzeczeń, na które tylko niewielu może sobie pozwolić. Cała nadzieja w nauczycielach idealistach, którzy hołdując ideałom kultury wysokiej, będą umacniali swoje duchowe jestestwo, a następnie w procesie edukacyjno-wychowawczym inspirowali oraz przekazywali wartości i ideały swoim uczniom, wychowankom. Wniosek, który nasuwa się po tej analizie, jest następujący: prawdziwa relacja edukacyjno-wychowawcza może zaistnieć tylko i wyłącznie wtedy, gdy będzie następstwem spotkania osadzonego na duchowym fundamencie, którego głównymi beneficjentami będą uczniowie i wychowankowie.
EN
The purpose of this essay is to point out how important for righteous educational – didactical course the problem of encounter is. The method applied by author relies on analyzing the concept of encounter from the perspective of humanities and social studies. Thanks to that, there can be pointed out the essential (spiritual-metaphysical) aspect of encounter as an interpersonal event by reference to ontological category, of which example could be the space of interrelationship. The author assumed that an encounter is unquestionably a positive occurrence. The reference in this reflection is an issue of spiritual potential of homo sapiens and what comes with it – the culture condition of human population. Recently it is characterized rather weak, whereas the undisputed preeminence – domination of mass culture, which annihilates the spiritual element. For every humanist this situation is a justified reason for concern. Going back to the fundamental matter – strengthening the position of high culture, remembering that human being is an animal symbolicum and can not focus only on meeting the needs of a lower rank. Notwithstanding spirituality is demanding. It makes high demands, for the highest price, which the human has to pay that is the question of abjuration and that only a few can afford. All hope maintains in teachers – idealists who adoring the ideals of high culture will strengthen their spiritual existence and furthermore in educative process inspire and pass on values and ideals to their students, pupils. Conclusion which comes to mind after the analysis is following: a true educational – didactical relation can occur only then and exclusively when it will be in consequence of an encounter set on the spiritual foundation, of which the main beneficiaries will be students and pupils.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2015
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vol. 4
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issue 1
29-38
EN
The article discusses human subjectivity from the perspective of Christian personalism. There are three complementary respects in which human subjectivity is examined: (1) its main source which is God, (2) its place of actualization which is the encounter of persons, and (3) its way of implementation which is the love of persons. Integrally understood, human subjectivity appears as a key parameter which facilitates properly shaping the individual development and social relationships of persons.
EN
This paper engages with the question of the ethical implications of, and artistic imagination in picturebooks. The analysis relies on two visual narratives confronting the theme of cultural difference. The juxtaposition of the two books that share the themes of visiting and hosting, of confronting otherness, and of cultural prejudice indicates differences in their narrative and artistic potential. The analysis of formal strategies in Jemmy Button by Jennifer Uman and Valerio Vidali and in Eric by Shaun Tan serves to point out the role of artistic imagination and narrative wisdom in creating visual literature
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