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EN
The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the need of taking into account the existence of dual labor markets in the majority of developed countries when analyzing research results on labor immigration. The countries most affected with this duality are the ones where immigration is still on the increase; amongst others, Central and Eastern European countries. Selected qualitative and quantitative research methods were implemented in the study. The data source was a structured questionnaire interview conducted in 2007–2008, among 91 employers and the comparison research carried out again in 2014–2015 with 263 participating entrepreneurs. In accordance with the dual labor market theory, the employers were divided into those who offered employment in the primary or the secondary labor market. The research carried out in the Opolskie Voivodship, Poland showed that those employing a foreign labor force were driven by different reasons in the primary or the secondary sector of the labor market. It was also determined that taking into account the segmentation of the labor market in analyses of results of research on labor immigration positively affected their interpretation and provided more precise conclusions.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na potrzebę uwzględnienia istnienia dualnych rynków pracy w przy analizie wyników badań dotyczących imigracji zarobkowej. Podział rynku pracy jest widoczny w większości krajów rozwiniętych, a coraz bardziej dotknięte tą dwoistością są te, w których imigracja wciąż rośnie czyli kraje Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej. W badaniach wykorzystano wybrane jakościowe i ilościowe metody badawcze. Po raz pierwszy badania przeprowadzono w latach 2007–2008 wśród 91 pracodawców. Wykorzystano w nich ustrukturyzowany kwestionariusz wywiadu. Badania zostały ponownie przeprowadzone w latach 2014–2015 z udziałem 263 przedsiębiorców. Badanych podzielono zgodnie z teorią dualnego rynku pracy, na tych którzy oferowali zatrudnienie na pierwotnym lub wtórnym rynku pracy. W obu przypadkach porównano ich motywy. Badania przeprowadzone w województwie opolskim (Polska) wykazały, że cudzoziemcy podejmujący pracę na pierwotnym rynku pracy kierowali się innymi powodami, decydując się na znalezienie zatrudnienia za granicą, niż osoby pracujące na wtórnym rynku pracy. Ponadto stwierdzono, że również pracodawcy zatrudniający cudzoziemską siłę roboczą kierowali się różnymi przesłankami przy zatrudnianiu pracowników z zagranicy w zawodach należących do pierwotnego lub wtórnego segmentu rynku pracy. Stwierdzono również, że uwzględnienie segmentacji rynku pracy w analizach wyników badań dotyczących imigracji zarobkowej wpłynęło pozytywnie na ich interpretację i pozwoliło uzyskać bardziej precyzyjne wnioski.
EN
In studies of decentralization processes little is spoken of economic self-government, the role of which is to advocate the interests of the social environment of entrepreneurs. Since the beginning of the political transition in Poland an unproductive discussion has been ongoing concerning the place of economic self-government in the system of local government. Current legal regulations do not provide business chambers with the status of public legal unions. They tend to be based on the facultative nature of ties between entrepreneurs, which is the main cause of the weakness of Polish economic self-government, or rather the economic quasi-self-government. Undoubtedly, the lack of such structures in the sphere of public institutions is the main reason for their marginali-zation by the government and local authorities, which do not see the need to make any concessions for the distracted economic environment. Given this context, the most ra-tional solution seems to be the creation of universal economic self-government, which will be incorporated in the system of public institutions.
EN
The judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal under discussion concerns the issue of taxation of real estate and buildings owned by natural persons conducting business activity. Natural persons conducting such activity act in two ways under the tax law – as entrepreneurs and as private persons in the field of personal property (not related to running a business). The problem with the taxation of property held by these entities results from Article 1a(1)(3) of the Act of 12 January 1991 on the Local Taxes and Fees, which, in its literal wording, does not take into account whether a given real estate is actually or can be potentially used for the purposes of conducted economic activity. The judgement in question is an interpretative ruling – it does not definitively resolve the problem of taxation of land, buildings and structures related to running a business.
EN
The commentary concerns the ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court on the Act of 28 June 2012 on the Repayment of Certain Dues to Enterprises Resulting from Implementing Awarded Public Contracts. The authors tend to conclude that the main thesis of the commented ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court, i.e. excluding the applicability of the Code of Administrative Procedure to actions taken by the Director General for National Roads and Motorways in connection with claims for payment due to subcontractors on the basis of the above mentioned Act raises important concerns about its correctness. It is debatable from the point of view of both the general structure of administrative law, and the purposes of the above mentioned Act which was to create a special procedure for repayment of dues to subcontractors. In the light of the circumstances of the adoption of the bill and its provisions, it is difficult to accept the view the adoption of which not only deprives subcontractors efficient and low-cost administrative mode to review the decision of the General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways (GDDKiA), but compels them to initiate additional civil proceedings before common courts, the subject of which will, in fact, be the examination of the correctness of operation of GDDKiA as a public authority.
EN
Since the beginning of the political transition in Poland an unproductive discussion has been continued concerning the role of economic self-government in the system of local government. The current legal regulations do not provide business chambers with the status of public legal unions. They tend to be based on the facultative nature of the ties between entrepreneurs, which is the main cause of the weakness of the Polish economic self-government, or rather the economic quasi-self-government. The consequential structural and programmatic weakness of entrepreneurs’ organisation seems to be the major obstacle in creating an effective system of local governance that could equalise the excessively asymmetric relations between the local government and the representation of entrepreneurs. It is beyond doubt that the lack of such structures in the area of public institutions is the main reason for marginalising them by the government and local authorities, which do not see the need to make any concessions for the diffused economic environment. Given this context, the most rational solution seems to be the creation of a common economic self-government, which will be incorporated into the system of public authorities.
PL
W Polsce od początku przemian ustrojowych trwa bezowocna dyskusja dotycząca miejsca samorządu gospodarczego w systemie władzy lokalnej. Obecnie obowiązujące regulacje prawne nie zapewniają izbom gospodarczym pozycji związków publicznoprawnych. Opierają się one na fakultatywnym charakterze więzi łączących przedsiębiorców, co jest główną przyczyną słabego rozwoju rodzimego samorządu gospodarczego, a właściwie quasi samorządu gospodarczego. Wynikająca z tego słabość strukturalna i programowa organizacji przedsiębiorców wydaje się być główną przeszkodą na drodze do stworzenia efektywnego systemu zarządzania lokalnego, który mógłby zniwelować zbyt asymetryczne obecnie relacje pomiędzy samorządem terytorialnym i reprezentacją przedsiębiorców. Bez wątpienia brak tego typu struktur w sferze instytucji publicznych jest głównym powodem ich marginalizowania przez władze rządowe i samorządowe, które nie widzą potrzeby czynienia jakichkolwiek koncesji na rzecz rozproszonego środowiska gospodarczego. W tym kontekście najbardziej racjonalnym rozwiązaniem wydaje się być utworzenie powszechnego samorządu gospodarczego, który zostanie włączony do systemu władz publicznych.
EN
The digital revolution is impacting enormously on the way we create and undertake business. To keep pace and navigate the complexities of this incessant evolving state requires entrepreneurial thinking capable of moving us from the old to the new. An often-overlooked aspect of this transition or change process is the space that lies between the old and the new, a betwixt and between state, fuelled by opportunity, but clouded in uncertainty and ambiguity. In this article, we stress the significance of this between space and discuss the importance of liminal thinking as pivotal in navigating the passage from old to new. We do this by drawing on the concepts of liminal space and liminal thinking, illustrating how these concepts can be deployed to reconstruct reality in such a way that stimulates the crucial cognitive recalibrations needed to cross the passage from old to new. To know that this ‘betwixt and between’ space exists, to recognise the qualities of this space and, most importantly, to manage it, is invaluable in entrepreneurs’ dynamic, rapidly changing world.
EN
The article is a compendium of knowledge about the Polish point of single contact (PSC). The genesis of PSC, legal basis for its functioning and also user interface are described. The article in a very comprehensible way introduces different functionalities which can be applied by administration officials. It also presents several PSC benefits to businesses and citizens. At the end the barriers that prevent full electronization of administrative procedures as well as the problems with their implementation through the PSC are mentioned.
EN
Entrepreneurs made up about a quarter of the burghers involved in the industry of the interwar Lviv. However, a vast majority of them were the owners of small workshops, large entrepreneurs accounted for less than 5% of this social class. But the small and medium-sized businesses dominated among the factories' owners. During the interwar period, the quantity of entrepreneurs decreased among the persons involved in the city's industry. There was also a tendency to reduce the use of the hired labour by them. The employment structure of the Lviv entrepreneurs during the 1920s-1930s did not change significantly, but it varied depending on the size of the share capital. A vast majority of the small artisans were employed in the sewing and haberdashery, food, construction, woodworking and metalworking industries, while the owners of large enterprises invested their capital in the food, printing, mineral, wood and paper industries. From the ethnic and denomination point of view, the Lviv entrepreneurs were dominated by two groups: Poles (Roman Catholics) and Jews, while Ukrainians (Greek Catholics) and the representatives of other nationalities accounted for a small percentage. However, during the years 1921-1931 they showed a rapid growth rate.
EN
The article provides an analysis of the concept of post-growth, presented as an alternative to the current growth paradigm, which is considered the most fundamental in the modern economy. Due to its widespread implementation, natural resources are being used to an extent that destroys the balance of the Earth’s environment. The purpose of the article is to try to answer three questions concerning: the reasons for the destructive nature of the expansionism that characterises the world’s dominant (at least in the Western world) socio-economic system based on the concept of economic growth, the nature of the post-growth idea and the challenges it generates for consumers, entrepreneurs and the state.
EN
This article provides an outline of the analysis of problems caused by the disappearance of an entrepreneur in the context of his business. The purpose of the publication is to draw attention to the previously overlooked aspect of the disappearance of a natural person conducting business activities. The disappearance of an entrepreneur raises a number of separate problems not only in the personal sphere, but above all in the property sphere of the entrepreneur, his employees, contractors, or clients. The author of this article has analyzed the legal consequences of an entrepreneur’s disappearance in the context of his business. Then he identified the legal institutions implemented by the legislator, which can be used to avoid, or at least mitigate the negative effects of the said disappearance, and made their practical analysis in relation to the case of disappearance of an entrepreneur actively conducting business activities. This analysis was the basis for proposing a comprehensive solution through the joint use of several legal institutions operating in the legal regime to obtain the most effective protection of business participants in the event of the disappearance of an entrepreneur. Finally, he assessed the functioning legal institutions and proposed in which direction the legislator’s further actions should be taken to regulate the increasingly important problem of the disappearance of a participant of business trading. The aforementioned analysis led the author to the conclusion that the disappearance does not cause the entrepreneur’s non-existence to be recognized, and thus has virtually no legal effect on the property of the enterprise. In view of the above, despite the fact that the missing entrepreneur does not actually run the enterprise, during his unavoidable absence, his liabilities become chargeable, in particular property liabilities, in the public and private sphere, which may lead to the squandering of his assets, and at the same time to the violation of the interests of third parties related to the process of doing business. While the application of several legal institutions may limit the harmful effects of an entrepreneur’s disappearance on his property sphere and third parties, including those involved in business transactions, the legal solutions possible to apply in the event of an entrepreneur having gone missing should be evaluated negatively. In particular, none of them alone fully solves the problem of securing an enterprise in the event of disappearance, and most solutions are simply unreal in the event of an entrepreneur having gone missing. In practical terms, highlighting the problem of an entrepreneur's disappearance from the point of view of its legal effects and the possibility of removing its negative consequences will increase its rank in the assessment of search institutions and may contribute to the development of new solutions. It should be postulated that regardless of the analyzed solutions, the legislator plans and introduces mechanisms independent of the will of a missing entrepreneur, which would be applicable in the event of the disappearance of an entrepreneur by law, and allow immediate protection of his assets during his search. The above would make it possible to respond to the growing needs of society in this respect.
EN
The practical aim of this research is to propose measures in educational processes that contribute to the development of entrepreneurial potentials. Personal entrepreneurial potentials are researched through the following dimensions: attitudes towards change, autonomy, self-confidence. The results showed that students’ attitudes towards changes are positive verbally and desirable socially. Closer analysis showed that almost half of the respondents avoid uncertain situations. Autonomy, as the second measured dimension, seems to be an unimportant feature of the surveyed students. It is the way of generating income for men, and possibility of showing their potentials for women. The results clearly indicate the need for the development of all the measured dimensions.
EN
The neoclassical concept of homo oeconomicus has barely been discussed in the context of tourist entrepreneurs. Using a convergent approach, we present a complex research on the rationality of those occupied with tourism. We discuss to what degree the critique of homo oeconomicus is justified when one considers entrepreneurs in the tourism sector. We analyse this issue with use of qualitative research in the context of the decision as to whether to enter into cooperation with other entities within a mountain tourist destination in the south of Poland. On the basis of the research we broaden the knowledge on the incentives and behaviour of tourist entrepreneurs.
EN
‘Social return’ (SR) is a term in the Netherlands that summarises all efforts to integrate people with a mental or physical handicap in the labour market. It is an important political topic because government wants not only an inclusive society but also a decrease of expenditures on social benefits; an important topic for employers, because organisations can profile themselves as socially responsible; and a topic for applied research, finding ways and means of realising the concept. The Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences is mainly involved because of the value of SR for applied research and the development of solutions that work. Several projects have been implemented with third parties, all of them involving students, e.g. through BA graduation research. However, the research also shows that there is no large-scale adoption among entrepreneurs yet. Three problems have been identified: (1) the SR policy currently has many negative side effects; (2) entrepreneurs must recognize that the involvement of employees with a SR indication not only costs money but may also contribute to profits; (3) insufficient attention is paid to finding the proper match between possible employees and suitable jobs (possibly with an adapted working environment). However, ‘social return’ is a feasible concept and the problems may be addressed. At the same time the initial efforts on realising ‘social return’ point at the importance of organisational culture. The main aim of this paper is to show the link between organisational culture and the successful implementation of social return.
EN
The article presents problematic issues related to the rules of determining the tax capacity of entrepreneurs in income taxes, both in the domestic and international aspects, taking into account the currently applicable solutions and some proposals for changes. The purpose of the article was a multifaceted theoretical and legal analysis of the issues in this area so as to be able to assess the adequacy of the current principles for the proper implementation of this concept, and determine the main problems and possible directions of searching for their solutions. The research hypothesis assumed that the current rules for determining the tax capacity of entrepreneurs in income taxes in many aspects are inadequate for the proper implementation of the concept of tax capacity and should be modified accordingly. The analysis was carried out using the dogmatic and legal-comparative methods. It shows that, in many respects, the current rules for determining the tax capacity of entrepreneurs in income taxes do not ensure the correct implementation of the principle of tax capacity and the fundamental principles of fairness and neutrality of taxation associated with it. This applies in particular to the abandonment of income determination in favour of revenue taxation, the differentiation of the rules for measuring the tax result or the failure to adapt the applicable rules to the modern reality of conducting business activity in the conditions of a globalised digital economy. Some problems can be solved by implementing comprehensive solutions developed internationally within the OECD and in the EU. In the assumptions of these international tax projects, the fundamental category in the context of determining the tax result is the financial result, which, combined with the growing development of tax law standards aimed at minimising the phenomena of tax avoidance and evasion or tax optimisation, makes it seem potentially more and more possible to determine the tax capacity of entrepreneurs in income taxes through its natural measure, which is the financial result on their business activity (appropriately adjusted for tax purposes), which would best reflect the essence of the concept of an economic source of taxation under the principle of tax capacity.
PL
W artykule zostały przedstawione zagadnienia problemowe związane z zasadami określania zdolności podatkowej przedsiębiorców w podatkach dochodowych, zarówno w aspekcie krajowym, jak i międzynarodowym, z uwzględnieniem obecnie obowiązujących rozwiązań, jak i pewnych propozycji zmian. Cel artykułu stanowiła wieloaspektowa analiza teoretycznoprawna problematyki w tym zakresie, tak aby móc ocenić adekwatność obecnych zasad do prawidłowej realizacji tej koncepcji, ustalić główne problemy i określić możliwe kierunki poszukiwania ich rozwiązań. Hipoteza badawcza zakładała bowiem, iż obecne zasady określania zdolności podatkowej przedsiębiorców w podatkach dochodowych w wielu aspektach są nieadekwatne do prawidłowej realizacji koncepcji zdolności podatkowej i powinny ulec stosownej modyfikacji. Analiza została przeprowadzona z użyciem metody dogmatycznej i prawno-porównawczej. Wynika z niej, iż rzeczywiście w wielu aspektach obecne zasady określania zdolności podatkowej przedsiębiorców w podatkach dochodowych nie zapewniają prawidłowej realizacji zasady zdolności podatkowej oraz związanych z nią fundamentalnych zasad sprawiedliwości i neutralności opodatkowania. Dotyczy to w szczególności odstępowania od ustalania dochodu na rzecz opodatkowania przychodu, zróżnicowania zasad pomiaru wyniku podatkowego czy niedostosowania obowiązujących zasad do współczesnej rzeczywistości prowadzenia działalność gospodarczej w warunkach zglobalizowanej gospodarki cyfrowej. Niektóre problemy mogą zostać rozwiązane w wyniku wdrożenia kompleksowych rozwiązań wypracowanych na forum międzynarodowym w ramach OECD i w UE. W założeniach tych międzynarodowych projektów podatkowych fundamentalną kategorią w kontekście ustalania wyniku podatkowego jest wynik finansowy, co w połączeniu z narastającym rozwojem norm prawa podatkowego ukierunkowanych na minimalizowanie zjawisk unikania i uchylania się od opodatkowania lub optymalizacji podatkowej, powoduje, iż wydaje się potencjalnie coraz bardziej możliwe określanie zdolności podatkowej przedsiębiorców w podatkach dochodowych poprzez naturalny jej miernik, jakim jest wynik finansowy z prowadzonej działalności (odpowiednio skorygowany dla celów podatkowych), co najlepiej oddawałoby istotę koncepcji ekonomicznego źródła opodatkowania w ramach zasady zdolności podatkowej.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących zatrudniania migrantów z Ukrainy na stanowiskach robotniczych u mikro-, małych, średnich i dużych przedsiębiorców w Polsce. Badania zakończone przez autora w 2012 roku (częściowo zaktualizowane w latach 2014 i 2015r.) prowadzone były u 516 polskich przedsiębiorców zatrudniających migrantów z Ukrainy na terenie całego kraju. Podstawowym źródłem badań (operat losowy) było ponad 3 tys. adresów osób fizycznych i prawnych uzyskanych z urzędów wojewódzkich oraz z miejskich i powiatowych urzędów pracy, które otrzymały dla migrantów zezwolenia na pracę lub zarejestrowały oświadczenia o zamiarze zatrudnienia migrantów. W trakcie badań zastosowano metodę ilościową (technika wywiadu telefonicznego z użyciem skategoryzowanego kwestionariusza) oraz metodę jakościową (technika wywiadu swobodnego). Prezentowane w artykule oceny przedsiębiorców związane są z różnymi aspektami pracy migrantów. W szczególności dotyczą one: przyczyn i charakteru zatrudniania migrantów, elastyczności pracy, wydajności, jakości i dyscypliny pracy migrantów, a także ich wpływu na koszty pracy i poziom przychodów ze sprzedaży u przedsiębiorców.
EN
In his article, the author presented findings of the surveys on employment of migrants from Ukraine as blue-collar workers at micro, small, mediumsized, and large enterprises in Poland. The surveys completed by the author in 2012 (partly updated in 2014 and 2015) were carried out at 516 Polish entrepreneurs employing migrants from Ukraine across the country. The basic source of surveys (random sampling) was more than 3,000 addresses of natural and legal persons, obtained from provincial as well as from urban and district labour offices, that had received for migrants work permits or registered declarations of the intent to hire migrants. In the course of surveys, there was applied the quantitative method (the technique of telephone interview with the use of a categorised questionnaire) and the qualitative method (the free interview technique).The presented in the article evaluations of entrepreneurs are connected with various aspects of migrants’ work. In particular, they concern the reasons and nature of migrants’ hiring, work flexibility, migrants’ labour productivity, quality, and discipline as well as their impact on the labour costs and the level of sales revenues for entrepreneurs.
EN
Investment readiness is a multidimensional phenomenon, encompassing a number of elements linked to a person of the entrepreneur. It is an important demand determinant of raising capital, including foreign capital, by companies in the early stages of development (seed and start-up), in particular from the broader venture capital market. The purpose of the article was to identify the essence and attributes shaping investment readiness, and to examine the level of awareness of the phenomenon and its understanding among entrepreneurs. The definition of the phe-nomenon and its elements is based on an analysis of the world subject literature and research devoted to the topic under discussion. Additionally, the paper presents the results of a survey of entrepreneurs who are participants in the EkSoc StartUP! Competition. Both awareness of the phenomenon and the ability of companies in the early stages of development to build it increase the chance of raising capital for growth, including international expansion, which in the long term drives the growth of global economies.
PL
Gotowość inwestycyjna jest zjawiskiem wielowymiarowym, obejmującym szereg elementów powiązanych ze sobą osobą przedsiębiorcy. Stanowi istotną popytową determinantę pozyskiwania kapitału, w tym zagranicznego, przez firmy będące we wczesnych fazach rozwoju (seed i start-up), w szczególności z szeroko rozumianego rynku venture capital. Celem artykułu uczyniono wskazanie istoty i atrybutów kształtujących gotowość inwestycyjną oraz zbadanie poziomu świadomości istnienia zjawiska i jego zrozumienia wśród początkujących przedsiębiorców. Zdefiniowanie zjawiska i jego płaszczyzn oparte są na analizie światowej literatury przedmiotu i prac badawczych poświęconych omawianej tematyce. Przedstawiono również wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych wśród przedsiębiorców będących uczestnikami konkursu EkSoc StartUP! Świadomość istnienia zjawiska i umiejętność jego budowania przez firmy we wczesnych fazach rozwoju zwiększają szansę na pozyskanie kapitału na rozwój, w tym na ekspansję międzynarodową, co w dłuższym okresie napędza wzrost gospodarek światowych.
EN
Entrepreneurs running their businesses usually pursue goals associated with work and family functioning. The efficiency of goal realization in these two areas of activity varies and may depend on balance between the two domains. The study aimed to answer the question of how interplays between the work and family domains (work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict, work-to-family facilitation, and family-to-work facilitation) were related to the realization of work and family goals in entrepreneurs. It also tested if sex was a moderator of these relationships. A total of 246 entrepreneurs participated in the study; they were married or in stable non-marital relationships. Structural equation modeling showed that family-to-work conflict is negatively related to work goal realization and family goal realization, and work-to-family facilitation is positively related to family goal realization. Sex does not moderate the relationships analyzed. The study provides insight into the relationships of conflict and facilitation to goal realization in people running their businesses.
EN
On 5 October 2021, the provisions of the Act of 18 November 2020 on electronic delivery came into force. This act defines the rules of correspondence with public entities in a manner consistent with the standards indicated in the so-called eIDAS regulation. The correspondence exchange system with the participation of public entities provided for in this Act will affect all court proceedings, including civil proceedings. The purpose of this study is to analyse the use of this system in relation to entrepreneurs participating in civil proceedings. Entrepreneurs registered in the Register of Entrepreneurs of the National Court Register or in the Central Register and Information on Economic Activity have been obliged to have an address for electronic delivery entered in the electronic addresses database and thus have been subjected to obligatory electronic delivery in civil proceedings. In connection with the above, the author of the article analyses in particular the obligation to receive court correspondence electronically and the obligation to obtain an electronic service address for this purpose, as well as the methods and the time frame for the implementation of these obligations.
PL
W dniu 5.10.2021 r. weszły w życie przepisy ustawy o doręczeniach elektronicznych. Ustawa ta definiuje zasady wymiany korespondencji z podmiotami publicznymi w sposób odpowiadający standardom wskazanym w tzw. rozporządzeniu eIDAS. Przewidziany w niniejszej ustawie system wymiany korespondencji z udziałem podmiotów publicznych wpłynie na każde postępowanie sądowe, w tym również na postępowanie cywilne. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza wykorzystania tego systemu w odniesieniu do przedsiębiorców biorących udział w postępowaniu cywilnym. Przedsiębiorcy wpisani do rejestru przedsiębiorców Krajowego Rejestru Sądowego lub do Centralnej Ewidencji i Informacji o Działalności Gospodarczej zostaną bowiem objęci obowiązkiem posiadania adresu do doręczeń elektronicznych wpisanego do bazy adresów elektronicznych, a tym samym obligatoryjnymi doręczeniami elektronicznymi w postępowaniu cywilnym. W związku z powyższym w artykule poddano analizie w szczególności obowiązek otrzymywania korespondencji sądowej drogą elektroniczną oraz obowiązek posiadania w tym celu adresu do doręczeń elektronicznych, a także sposoby i terminy realizacji tych obowiązków.
EN
Enterprises seek for possibilities to limit the costs and for areas that stimulate the level of innovation. Both of these aspects can be effectively supported by application of cloud computing, without a simultaneous need to make a choice of a trade-off type. The aim of the article is to prove that cloud computing provides entrepreneurs with the possibility to limit the costs and at the same time to support their activities related to the selected direction of innovation development. It has both a direct influence on the level and structure of costs in the enterprise, as well as an indirect influence, e.g. related to shortening the time for introduction of new solutions to the market, making decisions or limiting the costs of projects.
PL
Przedsiębiorstwa poszukują możliwości ograniczania kosztów i obszarów stymulowania poziomu innowacyjności. Obydwa te aspekty mogą być skutecznie wspierane przez zastosowanie cloud computing, bez jednoczesnej potrzeby dokonywania wyboru typu trade-off. Celem artykułu jest udowodnienie, że przetwarzanie w chmurze daje przedsiębiorcom możliwość równoczesnego ograniczania kosztów, jak i wspierania ich działań związanych z wybranym kierunkiem rozwoju innowacji. Ma zarówno bezpośredni wpływ na poziom i strukturę kosztów w przedsiębiorstwie, jak i wpływ pośredni, np. związany ze skróceniem czasu wprowadzania nowych rozwiązań na rynek, podejmowania decyzji, czyli ograniczeniem kosztów projektów.
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