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EN
The scientific foundation for approximation of the environmental legislation of Ukraine to the European law and ecological policy are considered. Based on identified features and factors of European environmental law origin and development, key aspects and strategic direction for implementing it into environmental policy of Ukraine by sectors were substantiated. Sectoral analysis of the current state of approximation of the environmental legislation of Ukraine to the European environmental law was carried out in the context of transposition and implementation. Proposals have been developed to improve the effectiveness of national environmental policy in the context of decentralization and European integration processes.
EN
In many health space analysis of the relationship between the State of health and the environmental factors that may be in many ways. As a rule, this issue, as in the scientific literature and in the form of various legal acts, is presented in the light of environmental threats to health. Beyond the research nature shot as a factor stimulating health, typically no direct references to health in documents that contain various aspects of nature protection law. In the article it was decided to discuss the health of the legal and administrative context of environmental policy tools and the scale of their impact on the level of awareness of the ecological and health societies. Confirm you can fact complementary perception of the relationship between ecology and health, when in fact a range of environmental health legislation without threads binding health with nature.
EN
Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienia polityki i prawa Unii Europejskiej w materii ochrony środowiska miejskiego. Unia Europejska, zwłaszcza Dyrekcja Generalna ds. Środowiska Komisji Europejskiej, przywiązuje dużą wagę do poprawy stanu środowiska miejskiego. Przegląd polityki UE i regulacji prawnych dotyczących środowiska na obszarach zurbanizowanych pokazuje, że prawo UE tworzy zobowiązania, zarówno po stronie UE, jak i państw członkowskich, zmierzające do zapewnienia mieszkańcom miast europejskich zdrowych i atrakcyjnych warunków życia. Główną cechą polityki i przepisów prawa UE w dziedzinie środowiska jest zastosowanie specjalnych środków skierowanych na ochronę środowiska miejskiego. Unia Europejska wykazuje aktywność w tej dziedzinie, wyznaczając kierunki działań, przyjmując prawne rozwiązania, wyznaczając standardy oraz przewiduje finansowe środki przeznaczone na ochronę środowiska miejskiego.
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Zarządzanie środowiskiem

80%
EN
The actions presented in the article does not exploit all the care about the nature which the most brilliant scientists and politicians were involved in. Since early years of XXth century, exept the national organisations of environmental protection and science initiatives, there has lasted legislative activity which has aimed to protect the nature. This is completely separe issue which demands separe study. All the undertakings and plans might be a sign of a Polish sense of responsibility for environment. Modern world needs people not only rich in knowledge but above all, sensitive for needs of other people and nature that surrounds us. If the history is the best life’s teacher, then maybe it is worth to use this experienced and instructive legacy of polish scientists and initiatives, which were taken for rescuing and creating the natural environment. This history lesson might teach us the correct organizing, management and environmental protection.
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2021
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vol. 8
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issue 55
219-230
EN
The paper starts with a review of literature focusing on links between democracy and environmental protection, pointing out a fair weight of scientific evidence that democratic societies on average enjoy a higher level of environmental quality than autocracies. It subsequently provides a quick insight into the recent trends in the state of democracy and the rule of law in Poland as well as a few examples of measures taken concerning environmental policy that have been undertaken after 2015. The paper concludes by expressing concern about certain negative patterns in the Polish environmental policy in the past few years, which seem to be connected to the deficiencies in the rule of law and democracy as observed in Poland. The shrinking space for civil society to participate in democratic governance concerning environmental issues and the excessive appetite of the current government for large infrastructural investments seem to be in contradiction with the European and global strive for sustainable development and tackling climate change. It remains to be seen if the recent negative trends in the Polish environmental policy will have a structural impact on the state of environment in Poland.
EN
Sustainable development today not only creates the theoretical and methodological background for governance and management of all levels but also forces rethinking of traditional approaches to management and business development. Contemporary development is not limited by economic dimension anymore, the solving of classical economic ambiguity between efficiency and equity lied in the field of balancing of economic, environmental and social dimensions of social life. Modern approaches require rethinking traditional approaches to management and seeking the best practices for creating the new sustainable style of governance and management. Furthermore, the generality of sustainable development goals worked out by United Nation and formulated recommendations for strategic documents requires uniqueness of priorities and goals for the precise region. The paper gives an overview of the contemporary background, requirements, and challenges that arise before managers, politicians and other stakeholders in order to be effective and successful in modern economic life.
EN
Many Polish cities and towns have been recently struggling with various effects of natural events (such as sea and river floodings, droughts, heat – and frost – waves, gales and torrential downpours). It is anticipated that climate change is going to cause serious barriers to the development of these cities and towns due to the scale and frequency of individual natural events. Thereby, the effects of climate change not only constitute a real problem in our environment, but are also increasingly perceived as objectives of environmental policy carried out at the municipality level. In the article, having analysed current Polish local environmental policy, the authors discussed the role and significance of the strategic document of Urban Plans of Adaptation to climate change adopted by most large cities in Poland in the context of the determination and structure of policy objectives. The universalness of that document was also underlined as well as its long-term character in light of climate change and shaping the conditions for future functioning of cities.
EN
As soon as the Social Democratic Party (SPD) won the elections to the Federal Diet (the Bundestag) in 1969, negotiations on forming a possible coalition government commenced. In the autumn of that year an agreement was reached between Willy Brandt and Walter Scheel to create a social liberal coalition of the SPD and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), which held until 1974. The coalition eventually collapsed because it could not weather the effects of the first oil crisis on the German economy and the internal problems related to an affair developing around W. Brandt. Even though it would be interesting to analyse the policies of the coalition government between 1969 and 1974 in their entirety, with W. Brandt´s Ostpolitik and foreign policy being the most recognized legacy, this paper focuses on the FDP, the coalition partner that always stood in the shadow of the larger SPD. What remains relatively unknown and discussed is the transformation of the FDP after 1971, when the party adopted the concept of social liberalism as defined in its reform programme, the Freiburg Principles. The purpose of this article is to help readers understand the FDP´s position within the coalition, whereby environmental policy is used as an example to prove that, despite being the less visible coalition partner, it achieved unprecedented successes in domestic policy. The main research questions are: What did the environmental policy represent to the contemporary government? What were its key defining documents? Who were the most important players in the legislative process? The research draws on primary sources hitherto untapped.
EN
This article deals with the research of environmental activities arising from sustainable development demands on two levels. The first one reflects the state politics of environment, when the state influences the behavior of individual economic subjects with the help of the implementation of different environmental protection tools. The second level observes the environmental activities of a company. Attention is focused on the usage of alternative energy sources. The economic pros and cons of usage of these sources are studied with regard to current legislation in the Czech Republic.
EN
This article aims to examine factors influencing the development of international environmental cooperation and the roles of particular actors participating in environmental cooperation. In general, the majority of international actors agree with the importance of environmental protection but demonstrate different visions in terms of necessary measures. The final result depends on their capability to find common ground. It is assumed that the EU, with its strong environmental policy, realizes the importance of transborder coordination of environmental measures and tries to promote environmental cooperation. Russia was a serious challenge to the EU in terms of environmental security due to its geographic proximity, its severe environmental problems, and its harmful influence over environmental situation in the EU member states. The EU policy towards Russia demonstrates how the EU promotes environmental cooperation and ensures improvement of the environmental situation in the neighboring states. This paper will answer the following research questions: what factors determine the motivation of international actors participating in environmental cooperation; how the EU environmental traditions and decision-making procedures influence its external environmental activities; and how the EU tries to influence Russian environmental policy.
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2023
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vol. 85
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issue 3
101-118
EN
One of the contemporary challenges related to climate change and effectively managing raw materials is to reduce resource consumption and the negative environmental impact while simultaneously increasing the economy’s competitiveness. This requires that business entities change priorities and move to a sustainable relationship focused on ecological, economic and social well-being. Due to the transnational and global nature of the climate and the environment, actions in this area should be carried out at a supranational level. In European Union (EU) countries, successive directives are implemented regarding environmental changes and the taxonomy for non-financial reporting. This forces public companies, as large public interest units, to produce adequate quality data reporting in the ESG (Environmental, Social and Governance) area, including the environmental (E) indicator and its components. The article’s purpose is to make a comparative assessment of the current situation and to consider the prospects for environmental data disclosure by public companies listed on the regulated markets of the EU, with particular emphasis on energy consumption, water, waste production, and CO2 emissions. The Refinitiv database was used to test the quality of the environmental indicators. Public companies listed on the leading stock markets in the 27 EU Member States were included. The research period covers 2012–2021. We focus on checking how many companies report environmental data in any given year, and those that present them for at least one year, or for three, five, or ten years. The findings support the clear advantage of the quality of environmental data disclosure in the ‘old’ EU Member States (which joined before 2004) compared to the ‘new’ EU Member States. However, reporting on key environmental issues (water and energy consumption, waste production, and carbon dioxide) is very incomplete.
EN
Research background: The twin pressures of economic downturn and climate change faced by countries around the world have become more pronounced over the past decade. A renewable energy transition is believed to play a central role in mitigating the economic-climate paradox. While the architectural and computational power of artificial intelligence is particularly well suited to address the challenges of massive data processing and demand forecasting during a renewable energy transition, there is very scant empirical assessment that takes a social science perspective and explores the effects of AI development on the energy transition. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to answer two key questions: One is, how does AI software development promote or inhibit the shift of energy consumption towards renewables? The other is, under what policy interventions does AI software development have a more positive effect on promoting renewable energy consumption? Methods: We employ a dataset of 62 economies covering the period 2011–2020 to analyze the impact of AI software development on the energy transition, where possible confounders, including political and economic characteristics and time-invariant elements, are controlled using fixed-effects estimation along with specified covariates. Findings & value added: AI software development can promote the energy transition towards renewables. There is suggestive evidence that the core mechanism linking such a positive relationship tends to lie in improving innovation performance in environmental monitoring rather than in green computing. Government support for R&D in renewable energy technologies is found to be significantly beneficial for harnessing the positive impact of AI software development on the energy transition. Compared to non-market-based environmental policies, market-based environmental policies have a more significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between AI software development and energy transition.
EN
The aim of the article is to present changes in environmental consciousness of Poles during the last twenty years. Data come from fourteen research reports featuring quantitative data gathered 1992 to 2011. The focus of the analysis is an assessment of environmental threats, the place of the environment in the values system, especially with regard to the perception of environmental protection in the context of economic activities, and the feeling of being informed in environmental matters. Results of the analysis bear on praxeological aspects of environmental policy. It is argued that policy aiming at raising environmental consciousness remains unsuccessful in spreading environmental actions, mostly as a result of significant trust shortages towards society’s institutions and fellow citizens. Environmental actions are those involved in social dilemmas that are characteristic for development of common goods. Overcoming those dilemmas is only possible when considerable amounts of trust and social capital is in place.
EN
This article presents the environmental component as one of the extremely important components of national security, which is a state of natural objects protection, as well as the protection of human life and health from environmental threats, where all components of the natural environment are optimal for the normal functioning and development of human civilization. One of the important tasks of ensuring environmental safety is to guarantee a population's livelihood in a technogenically safe and ecologically clean world. This is why concern about the state of the environment grows every year, and the need to integrate environmental policy with security measures remains a priority for world leaders. In the leading states of the world, such as the USA, Germany, Great Britain and France, environmental safety is considered as one of the main areas of environmental policy implementation. In particular,a "Green Deal" is currently being implemented in the European Union which will help the EU become the world's first climate-neutral continent by 2050. It is important that the Ukrainian state faces not the simple, but the obvious and important task of ensuring and restoring its environmental security. In order to transform environmental safety to high standards and become an example of a country that can rebuild its environmental sector in a post-war period, Ukraine needs to develop the following priority directions in the environmental sector: reforming state management in the field of environmental protection, compliance with climate policy, effective waste management, reasonable use of natural resources, and conservation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity. With the introduction of such reforms as part of a comprehensive climate policy, including ecological safety, reform of the regulation of industrial pollution, effective waste management, the rational use of natural resources, ecological management so as to preserve the landscape and biological diversity, effective state management in the field of environmental protection, environmental control and establishing legal responsibility thereof, and comprehensive environmental monitoring, Ukraine will be able to transform its environmental safety to high standards and become an example of a country that was able to rebuild its environmental sector in a post-war period.
EN
Głównym celem artykułu jest określenie przejawów i konsekwencji oddziaływania polityki ekologicznej Unii Europejskiej na wybrane narzędzia Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR). W tym celu zastosowano metodę analizy opisowej dokumentów strategicznych UE dotyczących obu polityk oraz towarzyszących im aktów prawnych. Wykorzystano również materiał faktograficzny na podstawie danych statystycznych dotyczących implementacji instrumentów WPR kształtowanych pod wpływem polityki ekologicznej, a także dotyczących zmian oddziaływania rolnictwa na środowisko. Główny mechanizm oddziaływania polityki ekologicznej na WPR jest oparty na zasadzie jej integracji z politykami sektorowymi, wzmacnianej w kolejnych programach działań UE w ochronie środowiska. Stopniowo wprowadzano w nich coraz więcej odniesień do rolnictwa, co skutkowało proekologicznymi zmianami WPR. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na najnowsze rozwiązania: Siódmy program działań w ochronie środowiska UE i pakiet energetyczno-klimatyczny, które wpłynęły zarówno na rozwinięcie polityki ochrony środowiska, jak i jej związków z polityką rolną. Efektem kolejnych etapów reform jest modyfikacja instrumentów I filaru (decoupling, greening) i II filaru (m.in. programów rolnośrodowiskowych, wsparcia rolnictwa ekologicznego) w taki sposób, by wywierały bardziej korzystny wpływ na środowisko. Wprowadzane są również działania powiązane z instrumentami ekonomicznymi WPR, wpływające na ograniczenie niekorzystnego wpływu unijnego rolnictwa na środowisko – standardy cross-compliance (dotyczące m.in. ochrony wód, klimatu, różnorodności biologicznej i gleb).
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest określenie przejawów i konsekwencji oddziaływania polityki ekologicznej Unii Europejskiej na wybrane narzędzia Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej (WPR). W tym celu zastosowano metodę analizy opisowej dokumentów strategicznych UE dotyczących obu polityk oraz towarzyszących im aktów prawnych. Wykorzystano również materiał faktograficzny na podstawie danych statystycznych dotyczących implementacji instrumentów WPR kształtowanych pod wpływem polityki ekologicznej, a także dotyczących zmian oddziaływania rolnictwa na środowisko. Główny mechanizm oddziaływania polityki ekologicznej na WPR jest oparty na zasadzie jej integracji z politykami sektorowymi, wzmacnianej w kolejnych programach działań UE w ochronie środowiska. Stopniowo wprowadzano w nich coraz więcej odniesień do rolnictwa, co skutkowało proekologicznymi zmianami WPR. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na najnowsze rozwiązania: Siódmy program działań w ochronie środowiska UE i pakiet energetyczno-klimatyczny, które wpłynęły zarówno na rozwinięcie polityki ochrony środowiska, jak i jej związków z polityką rolną. Efektem kolejnych etapów reform jest modyfikacja instrumentów I filaru (decoupling, greening) i II filaru (m.in. programów rolnośrodowiskowych, wsparcia rolnictwa ekologicznego) w taki sposób, by wywierały bardziej korzystny wpływ na środowisko. Wprowadzane są również działania powiązane z instrumentami ekonomicznymi WPR, wpływające na ograniczenie niekorzystnego wpływu unijnego rolnictwa na środowisko – standardy cross-compliance (dotyczące m.in. ochrony wód, klimatu, różnorodności biologicznej i gleb).
EN
The approach of environmental competitiveness evaluation of certain territory, which is based on the waste management as an example, is considered in the context of the international experience of the development and the improving of local environmental policies. The authors emphasize that the creating of special mechanisms of environmental policy in conditions of deepening decentralization is expedient. Such mechanisms should include: the creation of local programs of sustainable development and environmental policy to solve urgent local problems, the growth of ecological competitiveness of territories, the provision of advisory and educational services for strengthening of personnel potential in the environmental protection and the territorial development spheres. The ways of implementation of the positive experience of the European Union for Ukraine are established. Its connections to applications of environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment in the creation processes of local policies, projects and programs are demonstrated. In addition, the need to introduce of indicators of the financial efficiency instruments in the framework of environmental protection activity and rationalization of nature using is substantiated. The particular indicators are proposed to use: the indicator of industrial revitalization founding by the enterprise’s sales volume, the indicator of environmental sanctions share’s by the sales volume, the indicator of environmental expenses of production by the sales volume.
EN
The article contains a presentation of the main documents of the European Union and analyses ecological policy and the problems of environmental protection in this regard.
PL
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na istotne działania proekologiczne Warszawy, Pragi i Budapesztu. Zastosowana metoda case study pozwoliła na wskazanie zalet i wad poszczególnych rozwiązań w ramach idei green city. W artykule zwrócono szczególną uwagę na projekty lub uchwały, które polegają na celowym działaniu Warszawy, Pragi i Budapesztu. Badania prowadzone były w ujęciu planistycznym i dotyczą zagadnień związanych z terenami zielonymi, planowaniem przestrzennym i ekologicznym gospodarowaniem ziemią.
EN
The article aims to indicate the most important ecological activities of Warsaw, Prague and Budapest. The case-study method employed allowed to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of specifi c ‘green city’ solutions. The author specifi cally focused on projects implemented or resolutions adopted for purposeful activities in Warsaw, Prague and Budapest. The research concerned greenery, spatial planning and ecological land management issues.
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