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Vladivoj Kotyza: epifanie okamžiku světa

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Umění (Art)
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2023
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vol. 71
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issue 2
153-172
EN
This study focuses on the artwork of Vladivoj Kotyza (b. 1943), who was one of the few artists of his generation to develop the trend known as Fantastic Realism This trend emerged in the late 1960s as an offshoot of imaginative art. While early phase of Kotyza’s work has been discussed in recent catalogue texts, the remarkable development of this solitary artist in the following decades has gone unnoticed by art historians. Kotyza’s phenomenological sensibility was already evident in his Fantastic Realist paintings, which led him to a specific perception of natural and urban landscapes. He saw reality as a fixed epiphany, the mechanism of which stemmed from the metaphysical neutralization of three correlates of Kotyza’s pictorial language: the object as ‘remnant,’ time frozen in the magical moment of midday, and space perceived as an all-consuming depth. In the last decade Kotyza has been preoccupied with a different problem. His work in this period comprises an extensive series of drawings that attempt to depict natural phenomena in their living, present form. Kotyza’s drawing formula is firmly rooted in the Renaissance depiction of the actual world. His drawings resemble in their analytical yet vivid nature the studies of Albrecht Dürer and Leonardo da Vinci, who sought to depict the singular natural reality based on the nominalist metaphysics of the late Middle Ages, or rather the then rediscovered epicurean atomism of Lucretius‘ De rerum natura, which influenced High Renaissance art in Italy. But Kotyza’s work from this period also recalls Cézanne and his vision of nature. These references place Kotyza’s drawings in their historical context of relationships in which particular influences are less important than the actual, living depiction of the natural world: an image that presents rather than represents. The text describes Kotyza’s method and interprets his quest for a living representation of nature through the phenomenology of apperception and the creative act, using Lucretius‘ atomism as a philosophical and poetic metaphor of epiphany as the here-and-now experience of a concrete moment in the world. This epiphany represents the fundamental intention that pervades Kotyza’s diverse and thoughtful iconography to the most recent nature-themed drawings.
CS
Článek se zabývá uměleckou tvorbou Vladivoje Kotyzy (nar. 1943), který patřil ve druhé polovině šedesátých let k několika autorům své generace rozvíjejícím v návaznosti na proud imaginativního umění, směr označovaný jako fantastický realismus. Zatímco raná etapa Kotyzova díla byla reflektována v katalogových textech nedávných výstav, pozoruhodný vývoj tvorby solitérního autora v dalších desetiletích odborně zpracován nebyl. Již v obrazech z období fantastického realismu se projevovala Kotyzova fenomenologická citlivost, která jej přivedla k specifickému vnímání přírodních a městských scenérií na způsob utkvělé epifanie skutečnosti, jejíž mechanismus je založen na metafyzické neutralizaci tří korelátů Kotyzova obrazového jazyka: předmětu v podobě „reliktu“ , času znehybnělého v magickém okamžiku poledne a prostoru nahlíženého jako všepojímající hloubka. V posledních deseti letech otevírá tvorba umělce odlišný problém. Tvoří ji rozsáhlá řada kreseb, jejichž intencí je živé, prézentní zobrazení přírodního fenoménu. Kotyzova kresebná formule je pevně založena na renesančním zobrazení reálného světa. Kreslířské záznamy připomínají svou analytickou a současně živou povahou studie Albrechta Dürera a Leonarda da Vinci, kteří své úsilí o zobrazení singulární přírodní skutečnosti rozvíjeli na pozadí nominalistické metafyziky pozdního středověku, respektive znovuobjeveného epikurejského atomismu z Lucretiova spisu De rerum natura, který ovlivnil vrcholně renesanční umění v Itálii, ale také Cézannovo výtvarné pojetí přírody. Tyto souvislosti zasazují Kotyzovo dílo do historických vztahů, ve kterých ale nejde ani tak o otázku vlivu, jako spíše o samotnou problematiku živého, nikoli reprezentujícího, nýbrž prezentujícího zobrazení přírody. Článek popisuje kreslířovu metodu a snaží se interpretovat jeho úsilí o živé zobrazení přírody z hlediska fenomenologie apercepce a tvůrčího aktu s paralelními odkazy k Lucretiovu atomismu jako určité filosofické a básnické metafoře prézentní epifanie konkrétního okamžiku světa. Ta je základní intencí, již si různorodá, dlouhodobě promýšlená ikonografie Kotyzova díla uchovala až po současné přírodní kresby.
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The Third Wave Experience was an experiment created by California high school history teacher Ron Jones in 1967 to explain how the German population could accept the Nazi regime before the Second World War. The paper presents in detailes the course of this experiment, analysis and assessment of teacher's attitudes and activities as well as factors conditioning students involvement. Analyzes conducted in the paper indicate an epiphanic character of The Third Wave Experience.
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The review offers a presentation of Marta Flakowicz-Szczyrba’s book Dowód na istnienie. Poezja Julii Hartwig wobec egzystencji i sztuki [A Proof of Existence. Julia Hartwig’s Poetry on Existence and Art], where the lyric oeuvre of the famous poet is placed within the „poetry of metaphysical question.” A particular attention is given to a hermeneutic way of reading the works of the author of Zobaczone [Seen] and to the use of such categories as epiphany, empathy, ekphrasis, apocatastasis in the course of the analysis.
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This article discusses the relationship between American counterculture of the 1960s and Miłosz’s poetry created during that time in Berkeley. The poet observes the student revolt through the prism of his own experience with history, including his leftist sympathies. He is critical both of the naïve hippie postulates and Herbert Marcuse’s new version of Marxism. However, he treats counterculture as a symptomatic response to vital problems of the Western civilization of the second half of the twentieth century. He considers the infl uence of art on power, totalitarian as well as democratic. He sees the necessity of commitment, though he asks about its form and effects. Countercultural experiments coincide also with Miłosz’s own search for “a more capacious form” and with the epiphanies described in his poems
EN
The article is devoted to the category of "becoming" a teacher. The purpose of the following considerations is to present the motives for choosing the teaching profession. Adopting an interactive perspective, I will focus on the first stage of becoming a teacher, i.e. making a decision about choosing this career path, and then supplement the undertaken considerations with the concepts of epiphanies experienced by teachers during socialization. The introduction presents the main research directions with the participation of educators, and also draws attention to the need to explore the issue of the process of "becoming" a teacher. The theoretical part presents the most important concepts in the field of pedeutology oscillating around the concept and approaches placing the teacher in the center. The research project is maintained in an interpretative paradigm, the biographical method was used. As a result, empirical material was collected covering 14 interviews with teachers. The results of the study allowed to characterize the subjects' motives to "become" a teacher, which were realized in two variants: external and internal motivation. The following analysis of the research is a fragment of a broader research project focused on epiphanies and experiences crystallizing in the selection of the professional path of educators of various specialties in a biographical perspective, implemented as part of a targeted subsidy for young scientists. Financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
EN
The matter under consideration is the shaping and the creation of the dramatic structure in Ewa Madeyska’s Pętla [Loop], a play by the finalist of the Gdyńska Nagroda Dramaturgiczna (Gdynia Drama Prize – 2013 edition). The play’s nature is determined by the unique placement inbetween,somewhere along the sacrum-profane continuum.Furthermore, the drama in questionis an interestingexample of a dramaturgical parabole referring to the biblical symbolism of the road and the stone. These considerations draw from Mircea Eliade’s remarks contained in the work Sacrum and the profane.The essence of the religious sphere (Le Sacr´e et le Profane), as well as the essay on the Hermetic hermeneutics. About the weakness of God and the theology of the event (Spectral Hermeneutics) by John D. Caputo.
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The article is an interpretation of the first and last work of the volume published in 1974, which outline a different formula for treating ethical issues. The traditional, value-based vision of morality from the Message of Mr. Cogito is related to post-humanistic vision of the epiphany of the body expressed in the poem Mr. Cogito observes his face in the mirror. This combination makes Herbert’s volume ambiguous and complicates the unequivocal reading of the whole.
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The article, by means of an analysis of the role of visual and linguistic epiphany in the novels Sońka (2014) and Love (Miłość) (2017), based on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, Jacques Lacan and Emmanuel Lévinas, aims to expand the existing research on Ignacy Karpowicz’s geopoetics and literary provincialism.
EN
This article posits that in Karol Wojtyła’s and Jerzy Grotowski’s thinking about art, it is possible to identify commonalities by which their aesthetic and ethical concepts can be associated with the work of John of the Cross. The author argues that in both cases, the link might be the writings and views of Polish theater artists fascinated by John of the Cross: Juliusz Osterwa and Mieczysław Kotlarczyk. She offers a comparative analysis of selected aspects of the writings of Wojtyła, Grotowski, and John of the Cross, revealing similarities and differences in their understanding of art, and highlighting elements characteristic of the aesthetics of performativity. Interpreting terminological convergences in the analysed texts, she focuses on concepts concerning the aims of art and the methods of achieving these aims. She tries to demonstrate that all three authors variously employed performativity and the epiphanic character of art in exploring human experiences concerning the sphere of numinosum.
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Rovigo is the name of small town in the northern part of Italy. No Baedeker, no guide notices the name in its hot list of Italian “miracles”. Rovigo is the common, ordinary place, no spectacular monuments or tourist attractions one can meet there. In this context, it seems to be a bit enigmatic and striking, that the famous poem by Zbigniew Herbert has been entitled after Rovigo (it’s the title of the penultimate set of poems by Herbert, as well). Why Herbert decided to honor such “invisible city” in his poetry? The author brings out the main motives of the poem and tries to delineate deep semantics of the very name Rovigo.
EN
The notion of presentation (Darstellung) is a key concept of Truth and Method and of Gadamer’s hermeneutics as a whole. It has however many levels of meaning that this article seeks to sort out: presentation as 1) performance, 2) interpretation, 3) revelatory epiphany and 4) participation (festival). The aim of this article is to show how this strong conception of presentation makes it possible to understand the unity of Truth and Method and to grasp the non relativistic intent of its important theses on interpretation and language: in both cases, interpretation (or the linguistic expression) must be understood as the unfolding of meaning that stems from the work or the thing itself.
EN
The article describes the basic types of pictorial representations of the Holy Trinity. The Old Testament prefiguration of the Trinity that became a type scene is the so-called „Hospitality of Abraham”. This is the variant of the „Trinity” used by Andrew Rublev. The „New Testament Trinity” represents such topics as „Fatherhood” and the „Common Throne”. The revelation of the Trinity as a whole is also evident in icons depicting scenes from Christ’s life, such as the icons of the Nativity, Baptism, Transfiguration on Mount Tabor, where each of the divine persons is manifested in a different way. God the Father is revealed as the sphere of heaven located in the upper part of the image, the Son of God is manifested in human flesh, and the Holy Spirit is depicted in the form of a dove, or a radiant cloud (mandorla). Numerous compositions also make use of the symbol of a triple beam, which stresses the Trinitarian nature of the depicted scene. The formation of epiphanic representations of the Trinity was influenced not only by the realities revealed in the text of the Scripture, but also by the tenets laid down at the Councils of Nicaea in 325 and Constantinople in 381. Trinitarian terminology was also developed by Eastern and Western theologians such as Basil the Great, Greogory of Nazianus, Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo.
EN
The article aims to describe how reading aesthetic qualities and artist’s moods in the Far East poetry looks from the perspective of a Western scholar, how they are imitated in European works. The publication concerns the analysis of these aspects in haiku and waka. For works of such type the characteristic trait is the sense of melancholy, arising from awareness that the world and the subject that is learning it are both elusive. The impression of constantly changing environment and the transience of time characteristic of haiku and waka has its roots in the Buddhist belief in the impermanence of things that contributed to the formation of a specific type of perception: experiencing beauty with pain. It is from the Buddhism that the term mujōkan derives from, later used to describe the emotional perception of real- ity. The Japanese expanded this experience even more, adding to the awareness of impermanence the feeling of painful beauty. The author argues that the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun understand the concept of beauty completely differ- ently from us, that they have different aesthetic categories, and yet European artists attempt to imitate them.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie w jaki sposób z perspektywy zachodniego badacza wygląda odczytywanie walorów estetycznych, nastrojów twórcy w dalekowschodniej poezji, w jaki sposób są one imitowane w utworach europejskich. Publikacja dotyczy analizy tych aspektów w haiku i waka. Dla tego typu utworów charakterystyczne jest m. in. uczucie melancholii, wynikające ze świadomości, że świat oraz poznający go podmiot ma charakter ulotny. Charakterystyczne dla haiku i waka wrażenie ciągłej zmienności otoczenia i ulotności chwili ma korzenie w buddyjskim przekonaniu o nietrwałości rzeczy, które przyczyniło się do ukształtowania specyficznego rodzaju percepcji: doznawania piękna wraz z bólem. Z buddyzmu zaczerpnięto termin mujōkan i zaczęto go stosować na określenie emocjonalnego odbioru rzeczywistości. Japończycy jeszcze bardziej rozbudowali to doznanie, dodając do świadomości nietrwałości odczucie bolesnego piękna. Autorka artykułu dowodzi, że mieszkańcy Kraju Kwitnącej Wiśni zupełnie inaczej od nas rozumieją pojęcie piękna, posiadają inne kategorie estetyczne, a mimo to europejscy twórcy podejmują próby ich imitacji.
EN
This article is an attempt to interpret volume of poetry Białe krzesła of Krystyna Dąbrowska. The focus of the author is a category of ordinary life and aspiration to the epiphany of truth. Recovery of beauty, goodness and truth in what trivial and commonplace done through specific paradox. Namely, the more trivial appears as a gateway or a transitional stage, the more it becomes the way to spiritual values. Beauty, goodness and truth no longer have their explicit and authentic representation in the present. What we can do, is, negatively, evaluate our distance from the prototype classicism of harmonie, or positive, recover naivety see and hear the primordial harmony in the secondary, mediated manner by the hermeneutical interpretation.
EN
The paper addresses the problem of mutual relation between form and function as exemplified by haiku. Focusing upon the structure of haiku conducive to epiphany, it discusses some general aspects, independent of the differences between Eastern and Western varieties of the form. The “literariness” of the genre is demonstrated with reference to dimensions of imagery (as defined in Langacker’s model of cognitive grammar), and to the strongly metonymic character of haiku. Finally, some shortcomings of “Polish haiku” are shown as a function of its culture-bound untranslatability.
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The subject of Wojciech Rusinek’s review is Marek Bieńczyk’s collection of essays Jabłko Olgi, stopy Dawida [Olga’s Apple, David’s Feet]. The author begins his reading of the book by placing it in the context of Bieńczyk’s earlier achievements: both artistic (novels, literary essays) and academic (bearing witness to his studies on Romanticism). While noting that Bieńczyk’s essays are governed by a wealth and a surprising variety of the explored themes, Rusinek emphasises, however, the worldview coherence of the volume. According to the author of the review, a key to the interpretation of all the essays in the book is “the praise of the taste of life,” which makes a new tone in Bieńczyk’s writing, so far associated mainly with the reflection on melancholy and melancholy discourse present in his artistic prose. In the following part of the review, by outlining the content of the essays devoted to Proust’s and Nerval’s prose, Hopper’s painting or Sempé’s drawings, Rusinek analyses the anthropological figures around which Bieńczyk’s digressive and slow reflection revolves: gesture, light, escape, frozen time. The reading of Bieńczyk’s work becomes enriched with an analysis of style (a role of stylization). Moreover, the review points out those fragments of Jabłko Olgi, stopy Dawida where a description of artistic works becomes smoothly linked with the elements of the author’s biography. In the conclusion of the reflection upon Bieńczyk’s essays, the author states that the essays clearly lean towards poetics of epiphany, which, in the view of the author of Jabłko Olgi…, would mean an unclear, veiled by an infinite number of borrowings, allegories, allusions and stylizations, suspending the flow of time, experience of existence in its inexpressible fullness.
EN
The article focuses on the hermeneutics of conversation. Its aim is to demonstrate the nature of a hermeneutic conversation as triggering a true possibility of understanding. I propose to see silence, epiphany and conversion, with its irreducible character, as significant components of a hermeneutic conversation. Thus conceived conversation leads to an unveiling of the unknown and generates a genuine possibility of an encounter between the self and the Other. The encounter rests on two indispensable attributes: reciprocity and trust. A genuine conversation in the hermeneutic sense, propelled by these two constituents, exerts a cathartic, transformative and formative power. Not only does it lead to understanding in which the speaking partners are involved, but it entails a potent unearthing of the self, a discovery of one’s identity. This study is based on Hans-Georg Gadamer’s premise of the universal character of understanding. Gadamer’s hermeneutics regards understanding as the fundamental category of our being- in-the-world. The article illustrates the workings of the hermeneutic conversation with an analysis of J. Joyce’s “The Dead.”
PL
Artykuł koncentruje się wokół tematyki hermeneutyki rozmowy. Jego celem jest ukazanie natury rozmowy w świetle hermeneutyki filozoficznej, a zatem rozmowy jako tej przestrzeni ludzkiej egzystencji, która umożliwia rozumienie. Proponuję spojrzenie na milczenie, epifanię, oraz przemianę, wraz z jej nieredukowalnym charakterem, jako na niezwykle istotne elementy rozmowy w znaczeniu hermeneutycznym. W ten sposób pojmowana rozmowa prowadzi do odkrywania nieznanego i stwarza rzeczywistą możliwość spotkania drugiego. Spotkanie to opiera się na dwóch istotnych komponentach: wzajemności i zaufaniu. Rozmowa w znaczeniu hermeneutycznym, poprzez te dwa atrybuty, niesie z sobą katharsis, przemianę i możliwość tworzenia. Nie tylko prowadzi do rozumienia, w które włączeni są partnerzy rozmowy, ale pozwala odkrywać ‘ja’, odkrywać tożsamość. Zaproponowane studium opiera się na założeniu Hansa-Georga Gadamera o uniwersalnym charakterze rozumienia; Gadamer upatruje w rozumieniu fundamentalną kategorię naszego bycia w świecie. Artykuł ilustruje hermeneutykę rozmowy poprzez analizę opowiadania J. Joyce’a „Zmarły”.
EN
The poetic of epiphany was very important in early works of James Joyce. The writer put into his novels many comments about epiphanies as a genre. However, later his attitude to the technique changed – from affirmation and setting it in the centre of his literary world-view to critical comment, which was put into Ulisses.
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Content available remote

Epifanie metafizyczne I. Ingardena i S.I. Witkiewicza

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EN
The author in his article approaches and confronts metaphysical threads of conceptions authors mentioned above. It deals with some fundamental questions of aesthetics and widely comprehended philosophy: symbolization, metaphysical experience and symbolic participation. Apart from drawing a comparison between Ingarden’s metaphysical qualities and metaphysical feelings of Witkacy one can f ind here considerations concerning an event of epiphany and its metaphysical derivative – metaphany (this term was constructed and def ined by the author of the article). In this context it is proper to notice the analysis of basic symbolic senses: the vertical, the depth, the surface. At the end, the author sketches the universal structure of reality in which is situated metaphanical subject, i.e. the subject experiencing metaphysical epiphany.
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The article is an attempt to describe a model of mystical poetry in Polish Romanticism. The analysis begins with a look at the image of the mystical vision in Adam Mickiewicz’s poem − “Widzenie” [“The Vision”]. Next, the importance of the Lausanne poems, with their transcendent poetic forms that show the otherness of the mystical being, is presented. Afterwards, a description of how Słowacki develops these poetic forms in the genesis poetry is provided. Słowacki created a set of exceptional poetic techniques that present many aspects of the transcendent world. The most unusual, apophatic phenomena of Słowacki’s poetry were also examined. It has been shown how these late poetic forms lead poetic cognition outside of Being and into the space of the Divine Pre-Ground. These turn out to be close to the mysticism of Böhme and Eckhart
PL
Szkic opisuje model mistycznej poezji polskiego romantyzmu. Analizy rozpoczęto od obrazu wizji mistycznej w Widzeniu Mickiewicza. Ukazano dalej znaczenie Liryków lozańskich, w których zostały stworzone transcendentne formy poetyckie oddające inność Bytu mistycznego. Następnie opisano, jak Słowacki rozwija te formy w poezji genezyjskiej, tworząc zespół technik poetyckich ujmujących różne aspekty świata transcendentnego. Zbadano w szkicu także najbardziej niezwykłe, apofatyczne zjawiska poezji Słowackiego wyprowadzające poetyckie poznanie poza Byt, w przestrzeń Boskiego Pra-gruntu bliskiego mistyce Böhmego i Mistrza Eckharta.
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