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EN
The epistolography by Zygmunt Krasinski provides us with research material that analysis has allowed to distinguish the motifs as well as contexts undergoing an illustration of melancholy. The point of the research was to discuss the notions appearing in the letters of the Romantic, including its dependence on the iconographic presentations. After all, melancholy is an artistic figure ingrained in "the world of the pure forms" and "the world of the motifs". According to the dissertation, it was the romantic iconosphere that proved to have a great impact on Krasiński's imagination. The background of the period, his reading interests and certain paintings undoubtedly had an influence on the artist's view of reality. Therefore, melancholy present in the letters by Zygmunt Krasinski "functioned"on the principle of representations ingrained in the culture including the vanitas idea, floral motifs (leaves, flowers) orthe homo bulla motif.
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Nieznany list Marii Komornickiej

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EN
The study presents an unpublished letter by Maria Komornicka, which the poet sent in July 1899 to her aunt, Aleksandra Oszacka. The epistolary communication, which contains several pieces of information about the life and activities of the poet living in Warsaw, can be a valuable material for researchers interested in her biography.
EN
The work concerns two short letters by Stanisław Wyspiański, which haven’t been published before. The letters, adressed to Maria Siedlecka and Eliza Pareńska, seem to be important in context of the artist’s biography.
EN
The epistolary practice of giving information about one’s own well-being was common in the Ptolemaic Greek private letters: such a formula appeared in com- bination with the wish for the addressee’s health. In the Roman period, a new health wish arose in the Greek private letters, and the combination of this new formula valetudinis and the information about the sender’s health became rather rare (only about twenty occurrences). Such attestation often appear in letters of a Latin environment, for example letters written in Italy , letters from soldiers, or letters from areas in which the Romans were very active, like Eastern Desert. Given that the practice of giving information about one’s own well-being was common in Latin letters from the Roman period, I argue in this paper that the relative absence of this topos in Greek letters from Roman times is due to Latin influence.
EN
19th century ethnological research on the territory of Latvia in view of correspondence of Stefania Ulanowska to Jan KarłowiczLetters, which are the basis of the article, are a part of Jan Karlowicz’s (a 19th century ethnographer, lexicographer) heritage kept in the historical archive in Vilnius. They are evidence of correspondence between Jan Karłowicz and Stefania Ulanowska, the author of Łotysze Inflant Polskich, a w szczególności z gminy wielońskiej powiatu rzeżyckiego since October 1889 until January 1890 during Ulanowska’s stay in the village of Wielony, now Viļāni (Latvia).The correspondence is a source of rich material including information about Ulanowska that has not been published so far as well as data of Latgale’s and its inhabitants’ past. Moreover, it is a unique evidence of scientific peregrinations. These letters have their contribution in ethnographic research on the former territory of Poland as they show circumstances and methods of exploration used in the 19th century. At the same time they can be an interesting gloss for research over Latgalian dialects as far as names of material culture are concerned. XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji Stefanii Ulanowskiej do Jana KarłowiczaListy, stanowiące podstawę omówienia, pochodzą ze spuścizny Jana Karłowicza (XIX-wiecznego etnografa, leksykografa) przechowywanej w litewskim archiwum historycznym w Wilnie. Są one świadectwem korespondencji prowadzonej przez Jana Karłowicza i Stefanię Ulanowską – m.in. autorkę Łotyszy Inflant Polskich, a w szczególności z gminy wielońskiej powiatu rzeżyckiego, od października 1889 r. do stycznia 1890 r. podczas pobytu badaczki w miejscowości Wielony, obecnie Viļāni (Łotwa).Korespondencja ta dostarcza dość bogatego materiału, zawierającego informacje dotychczas niedrukowane na temat Ulanowskiej. Przynosi także sporo danych z przeszłości Łatgalii i jej mieszkańców. Poza tym stanowi jednostkowe świadectwo peregrynacji naukowych. Listy te wnoszą wkład do historii badań etnograficznych na terenach dawnej Rzeczpospolitej, unaoczniają okoliczności, metody eksploracji w wieku XIX. Jednocześnie mogą być interesującą glosą do badań nad gwarami łatgalskimi w zakresie nazw kultury materialnej.
EN
Letters, which are the basis of the article, are a part of Jan Karlowicz’s (a 19th century ethnographer, lexicographer) heritage kept in the historical archive in Vilnius. They are evidence of correspondence between Jan Karłowicz and Stefania Ulanowska, the author of Łotysze Inflant Polskich, a w szczególności z gminy wielońskiej powiatu rzeżyckiego since October 1889 until January 1890 during Ulanowska’s stay in the village of Wielony, now Viļāni (Latvia). The correspondence is a source of rich material including information about Ulanowska that has not been published so far as well as data of Latgale’s and its inhabitants’ past. Moreover, it is a unique evidence of scientific peregrinations. These letters have their contribution in ethnographic research on the former territory of Poland as they show circumstances and methods of exploration used in the 19th century. At the same time they can be an interesting gloss for research over Latgalian dialects as far as names of material culture are concerned.
PL
Listy, stanowiące podstawę omówienia, pochodzą ze spuścizny Jana Karłowicza (XIX-wiecznego etnografa, leksykografa) przechowywanej w litewskim archiwum historycznym w Wilnie. Są one świadectwem korespondencji prowadzonej przez Jana Karłowicza i Stefanię Ulanowską – m.in. autorkę Łotyszy Inflant Polskich, a w szczególności z gminy wielońskiej powiatu rzeżyckiego, od października 1889 r. do stycznia 1890 r. podczas pobytu badaczki w miejscowości Wielony, obecnie Viļāni (Łotwa). Korespondencja ta dostarcza dość bogatego materiału, zawierającego informacje dotychczas niedrukowane na temat Ulanowskiej. Przynosi także sporo danych z przeszłości Łatgalii i jej mieszkańców. Poza tym stanowi jednostkowe świadectwo peregrynacji naukowych. Listy te wnoszą wkład do historii badań etnograficznych na terenach dawnej Rzeczpospolitej, unaoczniają okoliczności, metody eksploracji w wieku XIX. Jednocześnie mogą być interesującą glosą do badań nad gwarami łatgalskimi w zakresie nazw kultury materialnej.
Studia Slavica
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 2
263-276
EN
A discourse can be variously defined. It is also used by different areas of science. Discourse analysis allows to see not only what is directly given in the text, but also what has had an influence upon its creation. Therefore, the theory of discourse, where the main foundation is its three-dimensionality (cognitive dimension, expresive dimension and interactive dimension), discourse's subjects and context, can be used as a method of epistolography research. An analysis of Agnieszka Osiecka's and Jeremy Przybora's correspondence from the position of a discourse's investigator will allow to acknowledge any intertextual links as well as those that arise from the context or the interaction: the relationship between subjects, their experience related to their private life, work, life experience, along with the surrounding reality while writing letters - travel, social meetings, attempts to define the relationship and its development.
ES
En la reflexión que sigue me gustaría apoyarme en el concepto de ‹‹la conciencia estratégica del discurso›› con el que Myriam Díaz-Diocaretz se refiere a la subversión inscrita en el uso femenino de la escritura. Una subversión que consiste en el uso público de la palabra escrita, en percibirse a sí misma como autora, y no en el simple hecho de escribir, (1993: 98-103). Desde esta noción plantearé la lectura crítica de unos escritos escogidos de María Fernández Coronel y Arana (1602- 1665), conocida por su nombre de religión: María de Jesús de Ágreda, en un análisis que comprende no sólo lo que escribía ―el artefacto textual― sino también el cómo y el por qué de esta escritura. A la vez quiero subrayar que la lectura que aquí propongo constituye un punto de partida para un estudio mucho más amplio y de un corpus comparativo extenso con los cuales espero profundizar en el tema de las escritoras monjas.
Pamiętnik Literacki
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2020
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vol. 111
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issue 1
249-257
PL
Recenzja omawia książkę Bożeny Mazurkowej „Z potrzeby chwili i ku pamięci...” („For the needs of the moment and in memory of...”, Warszawa 2019), zawierającą osiem rozpraw o poezji i prozie oświecenia. Są to prace o utworach okolicznościowych, okazjonalno-towarzyskich i użytkowych, m.in. Ignacego Krasickiego, Stanisława Trembeckiego, Franciszka Dionizego Kniaźnina, pisarzy mniej znanych, poetów klientarnych i twórców anonimowych, jak również studia dotyczące epistolografii, literatury podróżniczej i kabał. W recenzji wskazano zmiany w stosunku do pierwodruków tych prac – źródłowe, faktograficzne, analityczne. Zaakcentowano odkrywcze aspekty studiów, nowe rozpoznania dla stanu badań nad polskim oświeceniem, uwzględnienie w badaniach również druków wróżebnych o charakterze zabawowym. Zwrócono też uwagę na różnorodność warsztatu badawczego autorki książki, zastosowanych metod analizy tekstów i obfitość wykorzystanych źródeł.
EN
The review discusses Bożena Mazurkowa’s book „Z potrzeby chwili i ku pamięci...” (“For the needs of the moment and in memory of...,” Warsaw 2019) that includes eight studies in the poetry and prose of the Enlightenment. The studies refer to occasional, occasional-social and applied pieces by, inter alia, Ignacy Krasicki, Stanisłąw Trembecki, Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin, also by less known authors, poets supported by patrons, and anonymous writers, as well as papers in epistolography, adventure literature, and the Kabbalah. The reviewer points at the source, fact-collecting, and analytical changes referring to the first editions of the studies; accentuates the revealing aspects of the studies, new recognitions for the state of research in the Polish Enlightenment, and inclusion into the examination of prophetic texts of amusement character. Attention is also paid to the diversity of the author’s workshop, the methods of analysis she uses, and abundance of texts she uses in her investigations.
EN
This paper focuses on the letters (starting in 1907) that Maria Komornicka addressed to her mother, written from the psychiatric and mental institutions where she was confined. Notably, in these writings the first-person voice is a male subject. The important experience which this epistolary reflects is the rejection of the mental illness as a social construction which can define the author’s identity. The present article examines the narrative self, self-modalities and identity, and how the author writes the self to refuse and fight against the imposed, attributed disease. Among the key themes which will be explored are: an epistolary record documenting the conditions and contexts of the author’s opposition to clinical isolation, misunderstanding and uncertainty as essential components of anti-diagnostic discourse, linguistic strategies to invalidate the practices of exclusion and medicalization, and creativity and healing through letter-writing.
EN
The imagination of Antoni Szandlerowski in his collection of letters to Helena Beatus (Confiteor), his beloved one, is dominated by black. The aim of this article is to show that this colour plays a major role in Confiteor therefore it is used be the author most of the times. When he writes about how pure and beautiful Helena Beatus is, he uses metaphors such as: black dove, black iris, dark cloud, dark corridor. It shows how pessimistic about the future and how guilty about the love he felt Antoni Szandlerowski was. The internal conflict was caused by the will to fulfil as a lover and the duty to continue priestly services. Antoni Szandlerowski is full of doubts. He misses Helena Beatus and feels that he cannot be happy without her. On the other hand, he knows that they cannot make their desire to live side by side real. Since the world is a place of pain and misery where the love cannot thrive due to social norms, lovers can bind together only after death. This way of thinking led Szandlerowski to many neurological disorders, caused nightmares and a painful impression that the whole world around fades away. Szandlerowski uses symbols such as a black dove and a black iris to describe his beloved one and to show the dichotomy of his perception. Therefore love is the source of all the pain and suffering for him.
EN
The article is a proposal for a new interpretation of Herbert’s erotic poems from a collection entitled Podwójny oddech [Double Breath], whose illegal publication caused confusion among readers and literary scholars. In addition to legal matters, the discussion also concerned the artistic level of this collection of poetry. The author draws attention firstly – to the conscious compositional idea in the Podwójny oddech, secondly – to a series of intertextual references that testify to the poet’s reading, thirdly – to the poet’s attempt to find the proper poetic language to express the love experiences and fourthly – to a specific, shaped by religious schemes, philosophy of love.
Świat i Słowo
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2022
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vol. 39
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issue 2
137-154
EN
Oddawam się w respekt łaski WXMci Dobrodzieja… [I surrender myself to the respect of the Most Graceful Sir Benefactor’s grace]. On one of the acts of language politeness in the 18th-century Polish epistolography In the paper, a selected act of language politeness observed in the 18th-century Polish epistolography is described. The essence of this act was that the sender surrendered himself to the grace or some other characteristic of the addressee, such as protection, friendship, love, respect, or memory. To express this intention, a conventionalised formulae was used, such as oddawam się w respekt łaski, sam się zwykłej […] rekomenduję łasce, oddaję mnie […] statecznej przyjaźni, afektom się […] polecając. (I surrender myself to the respect of your grace, recommend myself to the common […] grace, I surrender myself […] to the stable friendship, recommend myself to affection […]). This formula was used when closing a letter, among many other petrified and markedly final structures, such as e.g. the formula of respect, the formula of service offers, or the actual closing of the text, the subscription formula. The linguistic shape of the formula of surrendering oneself to the other’s grace (protection, friendship, love, respect, memory) was characterised by the lexical and grammatical variability of all elements of its structure, where the number and type of the components were conditioned by pragmatic considerations (degree of expressed politeness) and social factors (status of the addressee).
EN
This study is an edition of two unpublished letters by Władysław Reymont from January and May 1895. Both epistolary testimonies, related to the writer’sjourney to Italy, significantly expand our knowledge of the relatively early period in his literary biography.
EN
The Second Epistle of John is one of the least commented on New Testament writings, with the vast majority of existing commentaries being linear. The authors of this article attempted to take a structural view of this short book. After discussing the structures of the letter proposed by scholars (part one), they proposed their own structure of the book, thanks to which the main theological idea of the letter (2 John 9) (part two) could be determined, along with a hermeneutical principle allowing for new interpretative insights into the book as a whole (part three). This principle can be put into the words: “having the Father and the Son.”
EN
In the article I focused on three among twenty-eight Polish Silesian letters from the sixteenth century published by Władysław Nehring in 1902. In order to describe them I concentrated on the letters as an example of individual languages. The function of gesture and cohesion were the subjects of my research. The analysis showed that epistolography was directly influenced by social conditions. It was the social status that determined the models of verbal and nonverbal behavior and forms of communication. The form nawiedzam zdrowie analysed in the article depicts the role of gesture which was important not only in the culture. The gesture is an essential element of writing. It has got a sufficient power to initiate indirect contact — through the letters. The analysis of Polish Silesian letters from the sixteenth century allowed me to discover cohesion. The sender of the letter could not express his thoughts. He had to follow the rules of writing a letter.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyse the components of the additional notes contained in Polish language messages sent on postcards in the second half of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. The conducted examination is intended to identify the elements constituting the structure of the additional notes (i.e. the speech acts used most commonly there) and to determine the functions fulfilled by the individual components of the postscript. The stimulus for taking up this type of investigations was the fact that no research on correspondence sent on postcards had been carried out before. Overall, the analysis covered more than 2,600 postscripts separated from postcard messages. The study proves that constative statements as well as initiative and reactive speech acts are frequently found in the additional notes. It also points to the numerous functions the postscript or its individual components might play in a postcard letter. The polite and phatic functions come to the foreground, but the informative and emotional functions are also among the important ones.
EN
The subject of the considerations contained in this article is the part of the epistolary legacy still existing in the form of the manuscripts from the collection of Teofil Lenartowicz. They were written by Elżbieta Bośniacka, a well-known poet and playwright writing in the nineteenth century, whose most popular play Defense of Częstochowa enjoyed a permanent presence on the stage of theaters in Poland and abroad. Correspondence between the two writers is also an excellent testimony to the reconstruction of the unknown enough history of the Adam Mickiewicz Academy of Literature in Bologna, which was an important institution for scientific reasons, the popularization of knowledge, as well as political field.
EN
The paper provides a (far from exhaustive) overview of references found in Tacitus’ historical works (Annales, Historiae, Agricola) and in Pliny the Younger’s Epistulae to people who may be defined as “intellectuals”, notably to orators, historians and philosophers. The historian Tacitus is, in general terms, somewhat uninterested in those people in their capacity as men of letters; his focus is, rather, on their involvement in Roman politics (but he makes some interesting side-comments on their intellectual activity). Pliny, on the other hand, is more inclined to emphasize their mental pursuits and, also, to praise their achievements. However, a closer reading of passages devoted to such intellectuals in the Epistulae reveals that he uses them to promote his own image as an ideal Roman, devoted not only to studia but also to officia publica and officia amicorum, and an upholder of humanitas.
PL
Artykuł zawiera omówienie graficzno-fonetycznych właściwości dwóch listów Jana (Hioba) Boreckiego, prawosławnego metropolity kijowskiego w latach 1620–1631. Listy te, adresowane do księcia Krzysztofa Radziwiłła, datowane jeden na 1624 rok, drugi na 1629 rok, zachowały się w rękopisach, nie są jednak najprawdopodobniej autografami. Pod względem językowym reprezentują one polszczyznę południowokresową XVII wieku, czyli historyczną odmianę regionalną języka polskiego używaną na dawnych Kresach Południowo-Wschodnich, pozostającą pod wpływem języka ruskiego (ukraińskiego). Analiza językowa, ograniczona do przedstawienia kresowych regionalizmów fonetycznych, wykazała, że badane listy poświadczają szereg istotnych cech tejże odmiany, takich jak np. przejście grupy eń w ę w pozycji przed spółgłoską szczelinową s, wygłosowe -ć w miejscu -c, przejście ś w R przed C, zachowanie C przed samogłoskami innymi niż i, mieszanie spółgłosek l i ł, formy z r w miejscu rz oraz formy hiperpoprawne z rz (lub rż) zamiast r, formy z twardą grupą ke oraz ky i inne. Niektóre właściwości bardzo charakterystyczne dla polszczyzny południowokresowej, jak np. redukcja i zwężenie samogłoski nieakcentowanej, nie znalazły jednak w analizowanych tekstach swojego potwierdzenia.
EN
The article includes graphical and phonetic description of two letters written by Jan (Hiob) Borecki, the Orthodox metropolitan of Kiev in the years 1620–1631. Addressed to prince Krzysztof Radziwiłł, the letters dated 1624 and 1629 were preserved as manuscripts, but probably they are not autographs. In terms oflanguage, they represent the Polish language of the Southern Borderland in the 17th century – the historical regional variety of the Polish language of former South-Eastern Borderland, influenced by the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) language. Linguistic analysis, restricted to depicting the phonetic regionalisms of the Borderland, has shown that the examined letters authenticate many significant features of the variety in question, such as for example: transition of the eń group into ę while before fricative consonant s, occurrence of the final ć in the place of c, transition of ś into R before C, the way C was used before vowels other than i, mixing of consonants l and ł, forms including r in the place of rz as well as hypercorrect forms including rz (or rż) in the place of r, forms with strong ke, ky and other groups. However, there are some features that are characteristic for the Polish language of the Southern Borderland, for example reduction and narrowing of an unstressed vowel which are not confirmed in the analysed texts.
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