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EN
Heroic epic poem entitled Radivilias sive de vita et moribus praeclarissime gestis immortalis memoriae illustrissimi principis Nicolai Radivili … libri quattuor, by Jan Radwan, was published in Vilnius in 1592. The historical narration about the chief events connected with the Livonian War (1558-1582) when Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania were struggling against Ivan, the Terrible serves as a setting for a panegyric portrait of the main hero of the poem, Mikołaj Radziwiłł, the Red and his heroic deeds. The author of Radivilias takes Radziwiłł to Helicon, place sacred to a succession of poetic memories, where he meets Musaeus. This part of the poem resembles Cicero’s Dream of Scipio, but we can see an essential difference between these two texts (Cicero - dream, dead ancestors, rational justification, Radwan - mythological motif, legendary poet Musaeus and poetry as a source of wisdom). Radwan is very realistic. He does not dream about return of the Golden Age, but emphasises the fragility of earthly glory and concentrates his attention upon the only true life - the life after death. This article aims at discussing Radwan’s conception of the function of the Musaeus’ prophecy in the whole context of the poem. The attention is being given also to a prohetic significance of poetry.
EN
When it is told about Hrosvit, a canoness from Gandersheim, as a writer, generally it is meant about her six dramas, which are certainly representing her best creative skills. The historical poems, especially Gesta Ottonis, which this article concerns, are much less known. The protagonist of this literally work is Otto I the Great (912-973), who was elected a king on 936 (on 962 was elected an emperor). Hrosvit lived and created primarily during his reign. The times of Otto the Great were dominated by relations with the Church and in the history he enrolled as a politician and strategist. It should be also noted, that Otto the Great used religious institutions, which strengthened his power significantly. This cooperation of Church and kingdom/empire is also noticeable in Gesta Ottonis of Hrosvit. Canoness created one of the first biography of the emperor, which testifies – to the fascination of Otto the Great and his ancestors held by contemporaries. In 1517 Leo’s hexameters Hrosvit included the picture of an ideal ruler, following the example of biblical king David, who obtained the strength from the God to fight an enemy. She presented life of Otto the Great and his father in chronological order. She wanted to create something new, which at the same time would refer to the ancient genre patterns. The work of Hrosvit clearly marked the tendency to subject knowledge of the past to constant transformations in such a way as to be able to act in the present and in the future.
PL
Kiedy mówi się o Hroswicie, kanoniczce z Gandersheim, jako o pisarce, na ogół myśli się o jej sześciu utworach dramatycznych, które stanowią niewątpliwie szczyt jej umiejętności twórczych. Zdecydowanie mniej znane są jej poematy historyczne, zwłaszcza Gesta Ottonis, których dotyczy niniejszy artykuł. Bohaterem dzieła jest Otton I Wielki (912–973), który tron królewski objął w 936 roku (od 962 roku – cesarski). Hroswita żyła i tworzyła przede wszystkim w czasach jego panowania. W historii władca ten zapisał się jako polityk i strateg, a jego rządy zdominowały stosunki z Kościołem. Należy także zwrócić uwagę, że Otton I wykorzystał instytucje religijne, co znacznie umocniło jego władzę. To współdziałanie Kościoła i królestwa/cesarstwa zauważalne jest także w Gesta Ottonis Hroswity. Kanoniczka stworzyła jedną z pierwszych biografii władcy, co świadczy o fascynacji, jaką wywierali Otton I i jego przodkowie na współczesnych. W tysiąc pięćset siedemnastu heksametrach leońskich Hroswita zawarła obraz idealnego władcy, postępującego na wzór biblijnego Dawida, który otrzymał siłę od Boga do walki z wrogiem. W porządku chronologicznym przedstawiła dzieje Ottona I, a także wspomniała jego ojca. Pragnęła stworzyć coś nowego, co jednocześnie odwoływałoby się do antycznych wzorców gatunkowych. W tekście Hroswity wyraźnie zaznaczyła się tendencja do poddawania wiedzy o przeszłości nieustającym przekształceniom w taki sposób, by umieć postępować w teraźniejszości, a także w przyszłości.
EN
The author devotes attention to four pieces from the poetic cycle Erotics (Erotyki, 1779) of Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin, cleary inspired by a few scenes from romantic thread of Tancred and Clorinda in epic poem Godfrey or Jerusalem Delivered (Gofred abo Jeruzalem wyzwolona, 1618) by Tasso‑Kochanowski. The context of consideration are reflections which concern interest in baroque work and characteristic cult of Italian artist, lively in Poland until romanticism. The goal of detailed analysis is to capture multiple signals of connections between Kniaźnin’s rococo lyrics and paralel fragments of seventeenth‑century translation. In the poem’s plot these relations concern meetings of Christian knight with beautiful pagan, his behaviour in these situations, statements which he addressed to both living and departed Clorinda and also the dream in which he was haunted by ghost of the loved woman. Comparative steps aim at determining how epic material was used and processed in the amorous poetry of good taste”.
EN
The author devotes attention to four pieces from the poetic cycle Erotics (Erotyki, 1779) of Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin, cleary inspired by a few scenes from romantic thread of Tancred and Clorinda in epic poem Godfrey or Jerusalem Delivered (Gofred abo Jeruzalem wyzwolona, 1618) by Tasso‑Kochanowski. The context of consideration are reflections which concern interest in baroque work and characteristic cult of Italian artist, lively in Poland until romanticism. The goal of detailed analysis is to capture multiple signals of connections between Kniaźnin’s rococo lyrics and paralel fragments of seventeenth‑century translation. In the poem’s plot these relations concern meetings of Christian knight with beautiful pagan, his behaviour in these situations, statements which he addressed to both living and departed Clorinda and also the dream in which he was haunted by ghost of the loved woman. Comparative steps aim at determining how epic material was used and processed in the amorous poetry of good taste”.
EN
Franciszek Ksawery Dmochowski’s The Art of Rhyming presents a summary of the poetic developments of its era.  The author inscribed his work within the tradition, dating to antiquity, of the genre of the ars poetica, and referred to classical poetics while presenting a complete picture of Polish literature and its reigning tendencies. The poem, divided into four cantos, not only discusses general rules of poetic art, but also touches on issues of translation and literary criticism, indicates models of various genres and analyses the most outstanding Polish efforts in each of them. The first canto presents the basic rules of prosody and contains a survey of the achievements of Polish literature. The second and third cantos of Dmochowski’s poem present a survey of genre conventions. Particular attention is given to the song, the ode, the epigram, the satire, and the heroic epic poem. The article shows the modern nature of Dmochowski’s reflections, whose approach to and views on literature took into account its newest tendencies.
PL
Sztuka rymotwórcza Franciszka Ksawerego Dmochowskiego przedstawia ogół poetyckich doświadczeń epoki. Autor wpisał swój utwór w sięgającą antyku tradycję gatunku ars poetica i nawiązał do klasycznych poetyk, ale dał w nim obraz literatury polskiej i obowiązujących w niej tendencji. Poemat, podzielony na cztery pieśni, nie tylko omawia ogólne zasady sztuki poetyckiej, ale porusza też kwestie związane z przekładem i krytyką literacką, wskazuje wzorce różnorodnych gatunków i analizuje ich najwybitniejsze polskie realizacje. Pierwsza pieśń prezentuje podstawowe prawidła sztuki rymotwórczej i zawiera przegląd dokonań polskiej literatury. Kolejne pieśni Sztuki rymotwórczej (druga i trzecia) to przegląd różnych konwencji gatunkowych. Wśród nich szczególne miejsce zajmują: pieśń, oda, epigramat, satyra i epos. W artykule ukazano nowoczesny charakter rozważań Dmochowskiego, który w sposobie postrzegania literatury uwzględniał najnowsze tendencje.
EN
Combined with Fučík’s loyalty to the current party line, participation in the resistance movement, and his martyr’s death, all of the above provided those formulating the post-war cultural policy with enough suitable material to create an unblemished Communist hero.
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