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EN
In the paper I am at presenting philosophically reach theory of affordances as a way of extending the range of research methods used in ergonomics. In the paper I am concern with the fundamentals of the theory of affordances as presented originally by Gibson (1977, 1979) and developed by Heft (1989). I highlight philosophically significant aspects of the classical theory of affordances and propose further topics for investigation. I also propose introduction of the notion of rigid affordance for the special class of affordances important for ergonomics.
PL
W artykule prezentuję filozoficznie bogatą, praktycznie płodną, choć nie wolną od kontrowersji, teorię afordancji jako inspirację dla współczesnej ergonomii. W obrębie moich zainteresowań jest pierwotne sformułowanie teorii, takie jakie znaleźć można u Gibsona (1977, 1979) i Hefta (1989). Uwypuklam filozoficznie interesujące aspekty teorii oraz możliwości ich eksploatacji. Ponadto proponuję wprowadzenie pojęcia sztywnej afordancji dla określenia specjalnej klasy afordancji istotnej dla ergonomii.
EN
Objectives: Microscope work can be strenuous both to the visual system and the musculoskeletal system. Lack of awareness or indifference towards health issues may result in microscope users becoming victim to many occupational hazards. Our objective was to understand the occupational problems associated with regular use of microscope, awareness regarding the hazards, attitude and practice of microscope users towards the problems and preventive strategies. Material and Methods: A questionnaire based survey done on 50 professionals and technicians who used microscope regularly in pathology, microbiology, hematology and cytology laboratories. Results: Sixty two percent of subjects declared that they were suffering from musculoskeletal problems, most common locations being neck and back. Maximum prevalence of musculoskeletal problems was noted in those using microscope for 11–15 years and for more than 30 h/week. Sixty two percent of subjects were aware of workplace ergonomics. Fifty six percent of microscope users took regular short breaks for stretching exercises and 58% took visual breaks every 15–30 min in between microscope use sessions. As many as 94% subjects reported some form of visual problem. Fourty four percent of microscope users felt stressed with long working hours on microscope. Conclusions: The most common occupational concerns of microscope users were musculoskeletal problems of neck and back regions, eye fatigue, aggravation of ametropia, headache, stress due to long working hours and anxiety during or after microscope use. There is an immediate need for increasing awareness about the various occupational hazards and their irreversible effects to prevent them.
EN
Objectives:Information technologies have been developing very rapidly, also in the case of occupational activities. Epidemiological studies have shown that employees, who work with computers, are more likely to complain of musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between neck MSD and individual and work related factors. Materials and Methods: The investigation which consisted of two parts - a questionnaire study (using Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaire and Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) and a direct observation (to evaluate ergonomic work environment using RULA method) was carried out in three randomly selected public sector companies of Kaunas. The study population consisted of 513 public service office workers. Results: The survey showed that neck MSDs were very common in the investigated population. The prevalence rate amounted to 65.7%. According to our survey neck MSDs were significantly associated with older age, bigger work experience, high quantitative and cognitive job demands, working for longer than 2 h without taking a break as well as with higher ergonomic risk score. The fully adjusted model working for longer than 2 h without taking a break had the strongest associations with neck complaints. Conclusion: It was confirmed, that neck MSDs were significantly associated with individual factors as well as conditions of work, therefore, preventive acions against neck complaints should be oriented at psychosocial and ergonomic work environment as well as at individual factors.
EN
One of the elements of the logistics system is the subsystem of production, which is a combination of physical elements such as machinery and equipment, tools, and (most importantly) people. Furthermore, systems dependent on the human-operator are particularly susceptible to problems from discomfort, leading to reduced production quality and an increase in the cost of training and absence from work. The aim of this study was to assess the workload and risk of musculoskeletal discomfort (MSDs) in the position of a logistics-packer, through an analysis of risk factors. A computerized version of the OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System) method was used to conduct the evaluation, in which 10 steps of the product packaging process were assessed. As a result of the assessment for the category of action categories (AC), six steps qualified as AC 1, 2 steps as AC 2, and 2 steps as AC 3. The main factors affecting the risk of a negative assessment of posture were keeping the back bent and twisted and keeping the legs bent at the knees. Work on the assessed position for two activities is associated with a significant risk of MSDs, therefore corrective actions should be carried out as soon as possible. Ergonomic intervention should be linked to: revision of the position and methods of work. After making changes to the assessed position, re-evaluation with the OWAS method is recommended to verify the effectiveness of the changes.
EN
One of the elements of the logistics system is the subsystem of production, which is composed of physical elements such as machinery and equipment, tools, and, most importantly, people. In addition, systems dependent on the human-operator are particularly prone to problems related to: discomfort, ensuring production quality, increases in training costs and absence. The aim of the study was to assess the exposure of upper limbs to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s) in the sequential packaging of a product, and the analysis of risk factors. Material and methods: To conduct the evaluation, the occupational repetitive action (OCRA) checklist method was applied. Rated activities related to the sequential packaging of furniture in positions located at the conveyor belt. Results and conclusion: High risk ratings occurred at two sites, whereas three were rated as medium. The main risk factors influencing the negative evaluations were: insufficient number of breaks, preventing the staff from getting sufficient rest and a short cycle - less than 15 seconds - due to the pace forced by the conveyor belt. Manufacturing engineers and specialists in the field of health and safety should pay particular attention to the organization of the packaging process, and should develop and implement a rotation system, taking into account the load of the upper limbs.
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EN
The aim of this article is to introduce the problems of working conditions, asone of the factors influencing work output. There are mentioned the characteristics of the ergonomical system- human - technology -environment and the possibilities of human adaptation as a decisive and limiting components of this system. The summary of ergonomical criteria implies a common level of these problems, but also their recency especially for companies managers and techniques producers. On the basis of marketing research working conditions are reviewed and outlined areas, in which inadequacies have been detected.
EN
In the article, the selected ergonomic parameters improving basic educational systems (educational workplaces) are analysed from the point of view of a teacher and a student. The emphasis is put on the complex ergonomic optimization of these educational systems so as to improve their quality and efficiency by increasing productivity and quality of work in the systems.
EN
Background: The aim of this work was to assess the load on the musculoskeletal system and its effects in the collectors of solid refuse. The rationale behind this study was to formulate proposals how to reduce excessive musculoskeletal load in this group of workers. Material and Methods: The study group comprised 15 refuse collectors aged 25 to 50 years. Data about the workplace characteristics and subjective complaints of workers were collected by the free interview and questionnaire. During the survey the photorecording of the workpostures, the distance and velocity by GPS recorders, measurements of forces necessary to move containers, energy expenditure (lung ventilation method), workload estimation using the Firstbeat system and REBA method and stadiometry were done. Results: The distance walked daily by the collectors operating in terms of 2 to 3 in urban areas was about 15 km, and in rural areas about 18 km. The most frequent musculoskeletal complaints concerned the feet (60% subjects), knees, wrists and shoulders (over 40% subjects). After work-shift all examined workers had vertebral column shorter by 10 to 14 mm (11.4 mm mean). Conclusions: The results of our study show that the refuse collectors are subjected to a very high physical load because of the work organization and the way it is performed. To avoid adverse health effects and overload it is necessary to undertake ergonomic interventions, involving training of workers to improve the way of their job performance, active and passive leisure, technical control of the equipment and refuse containers, as well as the renegotiation of contracts with clients, especially those concerning non-standard containers. Med Pr 2013;64(4):507–519
PL
Wstęp: Celem pracy była ocena obciążenia układu ruchu i jego zdrowotnych konsekwencji u ładowaczy nieczystości stałych, niezbędna do opracowania propozycji działań w kierunku minimalizacji przeciążeń układu ruchu. Materiał i metody: Badaniem objęto 15 ładowaczy w wieku 25-50 lat. Informacje na temat charakterystyki stanowiska pracy i subiektywnych odczuć pracowników w zakresie uciążliwości pracy oraz występowania dolegliwości uzyskano, stosując wywiad wolny i badanie kwestionariuszowe. Ponadto wykonano fotograficzną rejestrację typowych czynności roboczych oraz przy użyciu systemu GPS rejestrację drogi przebytej przez ładowaczy i szybkości ich przemieszczania się, pomiar siły niezbędnej do przemieszczania pojemników ze śmieciami, pomiar wydatku energetycznego (metodą kalorymetrii pośredniej), ocenę obciążenia przy użyciu systemu FirstBeat i metodą REBA oraz pomiar długości kręgosłupa metodą stadiometryczną. Wyniki: Ładowacze pracujący w zespołach 2-3-osobowych pokonują dziennie pieszo ok. 15 km w rejonach miejskich, a w wiejskich - ok. 18 km. Dolegliwości ze strony układu ruchu występowały najczęściej w okolicach stóp (60% badanych), kolan oraz nadgarstków i barków (ponad 40%). U wszystkich pracowników stwierdzono po pracy zmniejszenie długości kręgosłupa o 10-14 mm (średnio: 11,4 mm). Wnioski: Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wskazują na bardzo duże obciążenie fizyczne ładowaczy spowodowane sposobem wykonywania pracy i jej organizacją. Z tego względu konieczne jest wprowadzenie interwencji ergonomicznych, które powinny uwzględniać m.in. szkolenie pracowników w zakresie prawidłowych sposobów wykonywania pracy, wypoczynku aktywnego i biernego, ale także kontrolę stanu technicznego wyposażenia i pojemników na śmieci oraz renegocjację umów z klientami, zwłaszcza w zakresie ponadnormatywnego ładowania pojemników. Med. Pr. 2013;64(4):507–519
EN
In the article I will present the concept of using eye-tracking to examine the ergonomics of operating an Internet educational portal in the acceptance testing process. In the test performed, the results were obtained in nine sections characteristic of the defined AOI1 vs. REC. Selected data has been presented as an example of the results obtained from a complete study showing how users browse the content of the primary conclusion is the way of arranging information on the home page. Permanent arrangement of information takes the form of a non-editable menu. This is the most popular solution found, because it allows for permanent unity of content and easy search. 1. Coherence is located in the context of logical substantive integration. 2. Communication is measured by measuring average time viewed, fixations and number of revisits to defined areas.
PL
Aktywność zawodową człowieka charakteryzuje przede wszystkim potencjał zawodowy i profesjonalizm. Kształtują te właściwości człowieka rozwój zawodowy, warunki w których przebiega ten rozwój oraz praca. Dopełnieniem sylwetki zawodowej człowieka jest jej przygotowanie w zakresie ergonomii i kultury bezpieczeństwa pracy.
EN
The professional activity of a person is characterized above all by professional potential and professionalism. They shape the human characteristics of professional development and the conditions in which this development and work takes place. Complementing the professional profile of a person is their preparation in the field of ergonomics and work safety culture.
PL
Celem głównym artykułu jest identyfikacja czynników determinujących ergonomię pracy i zrównoważonego rozwoju w działalności regulowanej umowami nienazwanymi. Wykazano, że najważniejszymi przedsięwzięciami oddziałującymi na ergonomię pracy w działalności motoryzacyjnej regulowanej umowami dealerskimi (należącymi do grupy umów nienazwanych) są w szczególności: organizacja stanowisk pracy zgodnie z określonymi standardami producenta oraz utrzymywanie liczby personelu stosownie do rozmiarów działalności. Ponadto okazuje się, że następstwem funkcjonowania w systemie dealerskim jest także przestrzeganie przez organizacje określonych elementów zrównoważonej gospodarki. W efekcie podpisania umowy dealerskiej organizacje usługowe stosują m.in. zgodny z wymaganiami marki system zarządzania odpadami oraz świadczą usługi serwisowe z wykorzystaniem coraz większej liczby części zamiennych pochodzących z materiałów biologicznych i technicznych, które mogą zostać ponownie użyte. W artykule dowiedziono istnienia elementów wspólnych ergonomii pracy i polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju. Ponadto wykazano, że zarówno kreowanie polityki zrównoważonego rozwoju, jak i uwzględnianie czynników oddziałujących na ergonomię pracy przez właścicieli marek pozostaje w związku z dążeniem do oferowania klientom wyrobów o coraz wyższej jakości.
EN
The main aim of the work is to identify the elements of sustainable development and the factors of ergonomics in activities regulated by unnamed agreements. The paper shows that the most important activities affecting the ergonomics in the automotive activities regulated by dealership contracts (belonging to a group of unnamed contracts) are in particular: organisation of workplaces in accordance with specific standards and the number of staff adequate for the volume of sales organisation. In addition, it is shown that companies that belong to the dealership network implement a policy of sustainable development. Organisations which have signed dealership agreements are supervisors of waste management, in accordance with the requirements of the brand. These organisations in their services use spare parts made of biological materials and components that are reusable. The work shows that some principles of ergonomics are similar to the factors of sustainable development. The paper also shows that both the creation of a sustainable development policy and the application of the factors of ergonomics for brand owners are related to the desire to offer customers products of higher quality.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ogólna ocena zmian w zakresie warunków pracy i wypadkowości w latach 2011–2016, ze zwróceniem uwagi szczególnie na wypadkowość kobiet i wskazanie działań zmierzających do jej niwelowania. Do ich sformułowania wykorzystano wyniki badań poprzedników, odpowiednie dane GUS oraz niektóre wskazania ergonomii i normy bhp. Na podstawie przedstawionych rezultatów analizy zjawiska wypadkowości w pracy stwierdzono, że mimo modernizacji wielu firm i poprawy materialnych warunków pracy wskaźnik wypadkowości w pracy utrzymuje się niezmiennie na wysokim poziomie, natomiast wśród kobiet wzrósł on nieznacznie w ciągu ostatnich dwóch–trzech lat, w okresie objętym badaniem. Sformułowano wnioski końcowe, w których podkreślono, że w celu zmniejszenia wypadkowości w pracy należy podjąć częściej niż dotychczas szkolenia pracowników nie tylko z zakresu bhp, lecz również efektywnych metod relaksacji i regeneracji organizmu w czasie przerw w pracy, kultury bezpieczeństwa pracy, uczenia się przez kwestionariusze dotyczące zdrowia i bezpieczeństwa, ponadto trzeba monitorować, a następnie modernizować stanowiska pracy kobiet, wykorzystując do tego celu ergonomiczną listę kontrolną.
EN
The aim of the article is an overall evaluation of changes within the scope of work conditions and accident rate during the years 2011 to 2016 with special attention paid to women accident rate as well as indication of steps intended to reduce it. Previously obtained research findings, relevant data from statistics Poland (GUS) and some recommendation as regards ergonomics and occupational health and safety have been used for their formulation. Based on the presented results of the analysis of the work accident rate phenomenon it has been stated that despite modernization of numerous companies and substantial improvement of work conditions the work accident rate maintains steadily a high level whereas, as far as women are concerned, in the last 2–3 years covered by the study it has slightly increased. The final conclusions have been formulated in which it has been underscored that in order to reduce work accident rate more frequent employee trainings must be conducted, covering not only occupational health and safety but also effective relaxation and body recovery during breaks methods, work safety culture, learning through questionnaires regarding health and safety. Moreover, women’s work stations must be monitored and then modernized with the use of an ergonomic checklist.
PL
Bezpieczne warunki pracy nabierają coraz większego znaczenia dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstwa. Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa w przedsiębiorstwie produkcyjnym jest procesem złożonym i zależy od wielu systemów. Pomimo wzajemnego przenikania się systemów o różnym poziomie złożoności to ostatecznie człowiek jest ostatnim ogniwem systemu bezpieczeństwa, będąc jednocześnie odbiorcą skutków działania takiego systemu. Człowiek jest nadrzędnym czynnikiem w funkcjonowaniu każdego przedsiębiorstwa i to od jego wiedzy, postawy i poglądów zależy owo prawidłowe funkcjonowanie. W szukaniu przyczyn niskiego poziomu bezpieczeństwa pracy pewne cechy charakteryzujące przedsiębiorstwo nie mają znamion przyczyn przy ich oddzielnym rozpatrywaniu. Jednak w przypadku nałożenia się innych okoliczności mogą prowadzić do zagrożenia życia lub zdrowia pracownika, obniżenia jakości produkcji lub negatywnego oddziaływania na środowisko. Należy zatem założyć, że do nieprawidłowości w funkcjonowaniu przedsiębiorstwa dochodzi w wyniku splotu zdarzeń i koincydencji, czyli nakładania się symptomów, co wywołuje efekt synergii negatywnej. Głównym celem niniejszej pracy było poszukiwanie związku między stanem bezpieczeństwa pracy, korelacją między nakładami na zwiększanie świadomości ludzi a nakładami na środki techniczne. Przeprowadzono badania danych statystycznych dotyczących inwestycji oraz nakładów na prewencję wypadkową, po czym zestawiono je ze wskaźnikiem wypadkowości. Stwierdzono korelację między nakładami na techniczne środki bezpieczeństwa, prewencję wypadkową i wskaźnikiem wypadkowości. Świadczy to o pozytywnym efekcie synergii w sferze zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa pracy.
EN
Safe work conditions are becoming more and more essential for the proper functioning of an enterprise. Providing safety in a manufacturing enterprise is a complex process and depends on numerous systems. Despite mutual penetration of systems of various levels of complexity, a human is the final link of a safety system, at the same time being an addressee of the results of the operation of such a system. A human is a superior factor in the functioning of each enterprise and proper operation of each company depends on his/her knowledge, attitude and views. When searching for reasons of a low level of occupational safety, some features characterising an enterprise do not have a character of reasons when regarded individually. However, when other circumstances occur, they can lead to the risk of employees’ loss of life or health, lower production quality or a negative influence on the environment. Thus, we have to assume that abnormalities in enterprise functioning occur as a result of combined events and coincidences, i.e. the overlap of symptoms, which causes the effect of negative synergy. The main aim of the work was to search for a relationship between the state of occupational safety and the correlation between expenditures on increasing people’s awareness and expenditures on technical means. Studies were carried out on statistical data concerning investment expenditures and expenditures on accident prevention and they were correlated with the accident index. A correlation was found between expenditures on technical safety means, accident prevention and accident index. It is a symptom of the positive effect of a synergy in the area of providing occupational safety.
EN
BackgroundPhysical therapists are known to be susceptible to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), but the prevalence of WMSDs in Saudi Arabia has not been documented. This study aimed to establish the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of WMSDs among physical therapists in Saudi Arabia.Material and MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 113 physical therapists in Saudi Arabia using a 6-component questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, incidence, percentages, and χ2 test were used for data analysis.ResultsThe response rate was 68.8%. The reported 12-month incidence of WMSDs was 83.8%. The low back (63.7%) was the most common site of these disorders, followed by the neck (59.2%), while the hip/thigh (4.4%) was the least involved body part. Incidence was related to gender: females were more affected than males (neck, shoulders, low back); age: younger therapists were more affected than older ones (shoulders, low back); working sector: government sector workers were more affected than those employed in other sectors (neck); and specialty: orthopedic specialists were the most frequently affected, followed by those specializing in neurology (thumbs, upper back, knees, ankle/foot). Most of the physical therapists had >5 periods of neck, shoulder, and low-back WMSDs. The most important risk factor for WMSDs was treating more patients in a day (47.7%). The most frequently adopted handling strategy identified to combat WMSDS was modifying the patient’s position (62.8%).ConclusionsOverall, WMSDs among physical therapists in Saudi Arabia are common, with the low back and the neck constituting the most frequently affected body regions. Professional experience and the awareness of ergonomics principles can help prevent the early development of WMSDs among physical therapists. Med Pr. 2021;72(4):363–73
EN
Background This study was done to see the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among information technology (IT) professionals in Saudi Arabia, the risk factors associated with them, their consequences, and to propose some preventive measures. Material and Methods A self-administered online questionnaire that included questions on the demographic data, job nature, medical history, work-related pain after joining information technology profession and distribution and severity of pain was sent to 250 information technology professionals working in Saudi Arabia. Results Out of 250, 202 (81%) IT professionals participated in the study. At least 62 (32%) reported that they have developed some type of musculoskeletal pain after joining their profession and 38 (61%) respondents further reported that it was so severe that they had to seek some sort of treatment for their pain. On the Visual Analog Scale ranging 0–10, 14 (23%) respondents reported that their worst ever pain was >7. Despite lower representation 67% of the females reported to develop work-related pain. Conclusions Development of work-related musculoskeletal pain among information technology professionals has been shown to affect their activities of daily living. It may even force them to change their work setting or reduce working hours. Information technology sector has rapidly grown in Saudi Arabia in the recent times and there is no data on the incidence or prevalence of such disorders among them. Role of ergonomics and counseling should be emphasized during their training that help them work effectively and efficiently. A similar large-scale study should be conducted to see the effect of lifestyle related to COVID-19 on the lives of working population especially IT professionals.
PL
Celem pracy była ocena poziomu kształcenia w zakresie ergonomii. Podejmując badania ankietowe, autorka dążyła do uzyskania odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące poziomu zainteresowania przedmiotem, jego znaczenia w procesie kształcenia i czynników determinujących jakość tego kształcenia. Badania przeprowadzono wśród studentów Politechniki Poznańskiej, która od kilkudziesięciu lat dysponuje doświadczoną kadrą kształcącą w zakresie ergonomii. Artykuł składa się z czterech modułów. W pierwszym z nich przedstawione zostały najważniejsze obecnie ośrodki akademickie prowadzące zajęcia dydaktyczne z zakresu ergonomii. Drugi moduł poświęcono najbardziej wpływowym wydawnictwom polskim o tematyce ergonomicznej. W module trzecim zaprezentowano wyniki badań przeprowadzonych wśród studentów Politechniki Poznańskiej na temat edukacji w zakresie przedmiotów ergonomicznych. Wyniki zostały porównane z wynikami analogicznych badań przeprowadzonych pięć lat wcześniej (w 2010 roku). Moduł czwarty zawiera podsumowanie, które jest refleksją autorki odnośnie do programów i sposobów nauczania przedmiotów z zakresu ergonomii na polskich uczelniach wyższych. Treść artykułu jest kontynuacją problematyki, którą autorka opracowała na potrzeby I Kongresu Ergonomii w Warszawie w 2010 roku.
EN
The aim of the paper was the assessment of the level of teaching ergonomics. By conducting surveys the author sought to obtain answers to questions about the level of interest in ergonomics classes, its importance in the educational process and the factors determining the quality of education in this field. The study was conducted among students of Poznan University of Technology, which has had staff experienced in teaching ergonomics for several decades. The paper consists of four modules. In the first one the author presents the main academic centers teaching ergonomics. The second module is devoted to the most important papers of Polish ergonomists. The third module presents the results of the surveys conducted among students of Poznan University of Technology on the education in ergonomics-related subjects. The results were compared to the results of similar studies conducted five years earlier (in 2010). The fourth module includes a summary which is a reflection of the author regarding curricula and methods of teaching ergonomics at Polish universities. The content of the paper is the continuation of the problems that the author developed for the I Congress of Ergonomics in Warsaw in 2010.
EN
Occupational tasks of linemen are highly associated with the development of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs). Although linemen are prone to develop WRMDs, there is paucity of information on the prevalence of WRMDs and related occupational causative factors. Therefore, the present review was conducted to report on the prevalence of WRMDs and to outline causative risk factors within occupational tasks in the lineman profession. Literature search was conducted in various databases such as Scopus, PubMed and ScienceDirect for articles published between 1996–2013. The articles were analyzed, selected and retrieved based on predetermined objectives, inclusion criteria and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). In the review process only articles published in English were considered. The review identified moderate to high prevalence of WRMDs among the linemen population. Back and shoulder regions were highly affected compared to the other body regions. The review also reported occupational tasks such as bar installation, insulator fixation and manual handling of tools as high risk tasks that lead to the development of WRMDs. In addition, occupational tools such as ladders, manual cutters and manual presses were also identified as a potential ergonomic hazard. In conclusion, the current review identified that WRMDs are common in the back and shoulder regions among linemen. Also, a number of occupational risk factors were identified to be associated with WRMDs among the linemen. Hence, future research on prevention and intervention studies concerning lineman profession population in order to develop a good job practice are recommended. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(5):725–734
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane ważniejsze zagadnienia rozwoju ergonomii w Polsce i na świecie. Podano istotę, znaczenie ergonomii, scharakteryzowano jej interdyscyplinarny charakter oraz zaprezentowano rozwój instytucji zajmujących się ergonomią: komitety i komisje ergonomiczne PAN, Polskie Towarzystwo Ergonomiczne, Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, a także inne organizacje działające w kraju i za granicą. W dalszej części zostały przeanalizowane wybrane determinanty ergonomicznej pracy, ze zwróceniem uwagi szczególnie na społeczne i ekonomiczne aspekty, zwłaszcza wydajności pracy i zadowolenia z pracy. Sformułowano również działania stymulujące postęp ergonomiczny i czyniące go ważnym składnikiem rozwoju gospodarki.
EN
The article presents selected, more important problems of the development of ergonomics in Poland and worldwide. It gives the essence, the significance of ergonomics, it characterises its interdisciplinary character and presents the development of institutions which deal with ergonomics: ergonomic commissions and committees of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Ergonomics Society, Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute and other organisations operating in Poland and abroad. The further part of the paper analyses selected determinants of ergonomic work, with particular attention to social and economic aspects, especially of labour productivity and job satisfaction. It also formulates activities stimulating the ergonomic progress, as well as activities making it an important component of the development of economy.
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PL
W artykule przedstawiłem zagadnienie stanowiska komputerowego od strony jego ergonomii. Publikację rozpocząłem od krótkiego rysu historycznego, dotyczącego rozwijania się definicji ergonomii na przełomie lat. Pokazałem, jak powinny być projektowane miejsca pracy z komputerem, aby praca przy nich nie była męcząca. Starałem się przedstawić zagrożenia, jakie mogą wyniknąć z nieprawidłowego zaprojektowania miejsca pracy. Wykazałem również, jak można unikać pewnych zagrożeń zdrowotnych poprzez stosowanie odpowiedniego ułożenia ciała przy pracy z komputerem, jak również przy pomocy ćwiczeń relaksacyjnych. Starałem się udowodnić, że ergonomia pracy przy komputerze jest niezwykle ważna i należy o niej pamiętać już w fazie projektowania miejsca pracy.
EN
The article presents the issue of computer workstation ergonomics. The publication begins with a brief historical overview on the development of the definition of ergonomics over time. I show how to design a computer workplace to make it not tiring. I presented hazards that can potentially result from improper design of the workplace. The publication also points out how to avoid certain health risks through the use of proper body alignment when working with a computer as well as by relaxation exercises. In the paper I try to convince the reader that the ergonomics of computer workplace is very important and one should be aware of it early during the design phase of workplace.
EN
The contribution focuses on the characteristics of human psychic workload, mental performance and reliability in work systems. In the context of defined new psychosocial risks it deals with the possibilities of assessment of human psychic workload and mental performance using the methods of cognitive ergonomics. It draws attention to some possibilities of methodological approach to the evaluation and optimization of human mental workload and reliability, presents the specifics of selected methods for applications in the standard and extreme conditions of work execution.
PL
Artykuł skupia się na charakterystyce obciążenia psychicznego człowieka, funkcjonowania psychicznego i niezawodności systemów pracy. Główny kontekst, to nowe zagrożenia psychospołeczne i możliwości oceny ryzyka wynikającego z obciążenia psychicznego człowieka i wydajności umysłowej z wykorzystaniem metod poznawczych ergonomii. Autorka podkreśla wybrane metody oceny i optymalizacji obciążenia psychicznego człowieka i niezawodności, przedstawia specyfikę wybranych metod do zastosowań w standardowych i ekstremalnych warunkach wykonywania pracy.
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