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1

W stronę relatywizmu etycznego Ludwiga Wittgensteina

100%

Szczęch S.

Logos i Ethos

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2014

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issue 1(36)

223–234

EN

The article is a commentary on Rush Rhees’s paper Some developments in Wittgenstein’s view of ethics which appeared in “The Philosophical Review” in 1965. Rhees’s article falls into two parts. The first one features mainly the author’s comments on Wittgenstein’s Lecture on ethics, whereas in the second one Rhees relates a discussion on ethics which he had with Wittgenstein in the late period of the latter’s life. It is the second part that I focus on in my article and I consider points where Wittgenstein’s view of ethics has changed. Two most significant traits of his new approach are: the shift from analysing Ethics in itself to analysing various systems of ethics, and relativism. I discuss possible causes and consequences of this standpoint and its relation to Wittgenstein’s earlier thoughts about ethics.

2

Benedict de Spinoza’s Virtue: Springboard for Modern Valorization of Ethical Relativism

88%

Ogbujah C. N.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2021

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issue 2

107-122

EN

Benedict de Spinoza (1632–1677) was about the most radical of the early modern philosophers who developed a unique metaphysics that inspired an intriguing moral philosophy, fusing insights from ancient Stoicism, Cartesian metaphysics, Hobbes and medieval Jewish rationalism. While helping to ground the Enlightenment, Spinoza’s thoughts, against the intellectual mood of the time, divorced transcendence from divinity, equating God with nature. His extremely naturalistic views of reality constructed an ethical structure that links the control of human passion to virtue and happiness. By denying objective significance to things aside from human desires and beliefs, he is considered an anti-realist; and by endorsing a vision of reality according to which everyone ought to seek their own advantage, he is branded ethical egoist. This essay identified the varying influences of Spinoza’s moral anti-realism and ethical egoism on post-modernist thinkers who decried the “naïve faith” in objective and absolute truth, but rather propagated perspective relativity of reality. It recognized that modern valorization of ethical relativism, which in certain respects, detracts from the core values of the Enlightenment, has its seminal roots in his works.

3

Why Pluralism, Relativism, and Panthareism: An Ethical Landscape with Sport in the Background*

75%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2015

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vol. 66

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issue 1

75-87

EN

In reference to the monograph entitled “Sports and Ethics: Philosophical Studies”, published in the “Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research” quarterly (2014, vol. 62), and in particular in reference to the paper entitled “The Normative Ethics and Sport” (Kosiewicz, 2014, pp. 5-22), the article presents new and at the same time supplementary views on the relationships between sports and normative ethics. The main objective of the paper is to provide a rationale as to why these relationships may be viewed in the context of the assumptions of ethical pluralism, ethical relativism, ethical panthareism, and axionormative negationism. The text is of a strictly cognitive and extra-ideological nature and it attempts to avoid moral valuation, moralism, and moralizing. The view it postulates is also labeled as ethical negationism, which rejects the necessity for external support and enhancement of sports rivalry rules with moral principles. It assumes that regulations, book rules, and game rules as well as the principles of sports rivalry ought to be of an entirely amoral character, independent of ethics. The article suggests minimizing the impact of moral postulates on sport. It postulates a need for widespread propagation of this point of view in competitive, professional, spectator, and Olympic sport disciplines, as well as in top-level sports or elite sports. The views presented in the paper point to the need to separate normative ethics from sports as far as it is at all possible in contemporary sports indoctrinated with obligations or attitudes of a moral tenor. This is because normative ethics – according to the author - is relative ethics, depending on an unlimited number of variables, e.g., various social contexts or individual points of view. The text engages in a polemic with colloquial and evaluative opinions of those sports fans who by all means strive to bolster its formal, functional, and axiological status. A significant part of them erroneously attributes sports to an extraordinary moral mission related to promoting an intuitively understood good with a religious and extra-confessional tenor.

4

Uwarunkowania etyczne w rozwiązywaniu problemów gospodarczych

63%

Komorowski J.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2020

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vol. 23

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issue 2 (87)

7-17

PL

W artykule podjęto kwestię etyki w najważniejszych koncepcjach współczesnej ekonomii. Związek etyki z ekonomią wynika z udziału człowieka w procesie gospodarowania, co jest przedmiotem wielu niedopowiedzeń w głównym nurcie ekonomii. Relatywizm etyczny prowadzi człowieka do kryzysu wartości, pozbawiając system liberalnej gospodarki zmysłu orientacji i utrudniając w ten sposób poszukiwanie racjonalnych rozwiązań. Etyka wprowadza do rozważań ekonomicznych wymiar personalistyczny, bardzo osobisty, związany z indywidualnym poczuciem odpowiedzialności płynącej z godności człowieka. W aspekcie społecznym przestrzeganie zasad etyki jest warunkiem wzajemnej akceptacji, współpracy i więzi w ramach wspólnoty. Ostatecznie, miejsce etyki w ekonomii jest konsekwencją stosunku ekonomii do człowieka oraz równocześnie stosunku człowieka do etyki. Poświęcenie większej uwagi kwestiom etycznym służy humanizacji stosunków ekonomicznych, wypiera egoizm biznesu i rozbudza skłonność do poszukiwania wspólnego dobra.

EN

The article deals with the issue of ethics in the most important concepts of modern economics. The relationship between ethics and economics results from human participation in the management process, which is the subject of many failures in the mainstream of economics. Ethical relativism leads the man to a crisis of values, depriving the liberal economy of the sense of orientation and thus making it difficult to search for rational solutions. Ethics introduces to economic considerations a personalistic dimension, very personal, related to the individual sense of responsibility resulting from human dignity. In the social aspect, compliance with the rules of ethics is a condition for mutual acceptance, cooperation and bonds within the community. Ultimately, the place of ethics in economics is a consequence of the relationship between economics and the man, and at the same time the man's relationship with ethics. Paying more attention to ethical issues serves the humanization of economic relations, supersedes the selfishness of business and awakens the tendency to seek the common good.

5

Harmonia i dysonans. Wizje życia etycznego Isaiaha Berlina i Leszka Kołakowskiego

51%

Polanowska-Sygulska B.

Archiwum Filozofii Prawa i Filozofii Społecznej

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2021

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issue 3(28)

95-106

EN

The aim of the article is to carry out a parallel analysis of Isaiah Berlin’s and Leszek Kołakowski’s ethical visions. Special attention is given to the ideas developed by both thinkers in their early two essays, both published in 1958, though their later works are also taken into account. Juxtaposition of several threads inherent in their essays, backed by appropriate excerpts from their work, leads to the following conclusions. Both philosophers draw stunningly similar visions of moral life. Both of them dissociate themselves from ethical monism and from ethical relativism. However, Berlin’s standpoint, named by him value pluralism, is of strictly empiricist and thus anti-metaphysical character, while Kołakowski claims that in ethics there is no escape from metaphysics.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza wizji rzeczywistości etycznej, nakreślonych przez Isaiaha Berlina i Leszka Kołakowskiego. Bazę do przeprowadzenia porównania stanowią wybrane prace obu filozofów, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich dwóch wczesnych esejów, opublikowanych w tym samym roku 1958. Zestawienie ze sobą poruszonych przez obu myślicieli wątków i konkretnych fragmentów ich przemyśleń prowadzi do następujących wniosków. Obaj filozofowie kreślą uderzająco podobne wizje życia etycznego. Obaj stanowczo dystansują się zarówno od monizmu etycznego, jak i od etycznego relatywizmu. Niemniej stanowisko Berlina, określane przez niego mianem pluralizmu wartości, ma pryncypialnie empirystyczny, a tym samym antymetafizyczny charakter. Perspektywa Kołakowskiego zaś, który uważał że w etyce nie ma ucieczki od metafizyki, jest w tym aspekcie krańcowo odmienna.

6

ANTYBOHATEROWIE NEOSERIALI – GRA (Z) WARTOŚCIAMI

51%

Arcimowicz K.

Ars inter Culturas

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2016

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issue 5

35-48

EN

The article presents results of the analysis of four neo TV series: House M.D., Dexter, Breaking Bad, House of Cards. The new TV series, despite their roots in older television forms, by and large radically break up with this tradition. The fundamental objective of the research is to describe the most important values realized by the antiheroes as well as to demonstrate main discursive strategies employed in creating serial plots with their participation. The post-soap makers play a peculiar game with their viewers placing in the foreground discursive strategies referring to ethical relativism. In contrast to tradi-tional, “axiologically safe” TV series, post-soaps may be defined as “axiologically fuzzy”. Neo TV series question the established values, including family, showing that it is not an easy form of co-existence and not always provides happiness for an individual.

7

O niektórych kategoriach filozoficznych w twórczości administracyjnoprawnej profesora Jana Bocia

45%

Szadok-Bratuń A., Bratuń M.

Prawo

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2019

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issue 327

385-401

EN

The authors of this article analyze selected philosophical categories contained in administrative and legal publications by professor Jan Boć. In this way they want to focus the reader’s attention on the presence of philosophical reflection in the works of a representative of the Wrocław school of cameralistics. The basis for the considerations are the following texts by the professor: monographs entitled Obywatel wobec ingerencji współczesnej administracji (Citizen against the interference of modern administration) and Gmina w Belgii (Commune in Belgium), the author’s entries contained in the legal dictionary of difficult words, as well as the article entitled “Normatywizacja wartości w prawie administracyjnym” (Normativization of values in administrative law) (co-authored with Piotr Lisowski). The article begins with a reminder of basic facts from the biography of professor Jan Boć. Then, the concept of a “citizen” is examined, analyzed in the historiosophical and administrative-legal contexts. The following categories of philosophy, considered in the comparative aspect, are discussed: “autonomy”, “heteronomy”, “ethical naturalism”, “ethical relativism”, “value” and “axiology”. In the conclusion of their investigations, the authors emphasize the objective praise of the axiormormality of professor Jan Boć that appears in his studies, as well as of the very high level of their substantiveness, originality and constant, deepened philosophical reflection. In a special way they highlight the fact that the relationship between philosophical thinking and administrative law was a valuable asset of the legal culture of Jan Boć.

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