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EN
Old age and family are one of the most permanent and strongly exploited cultural motives. The article is about the literatural conceptualization of advantages and disadvantages of old age with microstructural family relations background. We will be interested in what extent the literature was being able to write down the senior’s transformations in family, determined by cultural and social stereotypes. We will show 3 faces of the old man: static sage-patriarch, anachronic/irritating fool and abandoned and unloved alien.
EN
Background: The main aim of the presented study is to identify the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction of seniors. It was expected that high score of loneliness will correspond to lower score of satisfaction with life. Methods: The group consisted of 161 people (53 male and 108 female, age range 60-105 years old) took part in this study. The data was collected using following tools: UCLA Loneliness Scale by Russell, Peplau and Cutrona, Attitude Profile-Revised LAP-R by Reker and a survey of our own authorship allows to collect socio-demographic data. Correlation and regression methods have been used to find relationship between the variables. Findings: Results of the study show some correlations between loneliness and satisfaction with life (r=0,49 for social connections, r=0,57 for belonging to social group, r=-0,53 for lack of contact). Furthermore, regression analysis shows that lack of contact, social connections and sense of belonging explain about 94% of the variance of life satisfaction. Discussion: The implementation of these results to the psychological care for the elderly might contribute to improving their quality of life.
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Different faces of poverty.

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EN
Different faces of poverty. Review of the book by S. Golinowska, On Polish Poverty in 1990–2015. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Warszawa 2018
EN
School bullying also referred to as peer victimization is considered extremely harmful for all parties involved. It has been recognised as an important issue in Polish schools. This article presents the first stage of a project financed by the National Centre of Research and Development and includes the results of qualitative research conducted in groups of middle-school students, middle-school teachers and psychologists. The results highlight several factors leading to the exclusion from the dominant peer group. The results also indicate that although students are aware of the consequences of bullying and excluding behaviours, they do not implement this knowledge when explaining their own excluding actions. All results are discussed in terms of designing and implementing a data-based programme which would effectively mitigate excluding behaviours during middle-school transition.
EN
Every autumn, monolithic narratives of November 1989 emerge in the media in Slovakia. On the one hand, these narratives tend to reproduce the image of the revolution as a man-made historical event; on the other hand, they raise questions about agency, the space of politics, and the way historical memory has been constructed. The article provides a dialogue between the media narratives of the Velvet Revolution and the narratives of 16 women who were interviewed in a study. The narrative analysis is embedded in research on the feminist social movement and the theory of everyday resistance. The article challenges the idea of the public square as the primary space of the revolution and the ‘tribunes’ as the main actors of November 1989. The title is a reference to Deborah Cohen and Lessie Jo Frazier’s study Talking Back to ´68. Gendered Narratives, Participatory Spaces, and Political Cultures analysing narratives of 1968 in Mexico. Their research provides a broader context for an interpretation of the narratives of November 1989, revealing the similarities and specific features of the two different events.
EN
The article is intended to help in the legal processes undertaken by the Church’s tribunals. According to the can. 1555 of the Code of Canon Law, a party may request that a witness be excluded. The judge however, has the final authority to determine whether or not to exclude the witness. The right to present proofs, among which proposing witnesses is often the most important, is an integral element of the right of defense. Therefore, a party’s objection to the introduction of a witness must indicate a “just cause” for the exclusion. This cause would include claims that the witness is unsuitable or might include the contention that the witness has no relevant knowledge, that he or she has been coached, that his or her testimony may have been coerced or that the proposed witness is prejudiced. The possibility that the testimony of a witness might reflect negatively on the party is not a just cause for exclusion. “Just cause” for the exclusion must be shown before the questioning of the witness. There is doubt if a recourse against the decision of a judge to admit or to exclude the witness is to be made before that same judge or the collegiate tribunal or may only be appealed when the appeal is lodged jointly with an appeal of the definitive sentence.
XX
The aim of the article is to respond to the question whether the subject of the story can exclude a homoerotic passion that he is possessed by. Jerzy Andrzejewski’s short story Niby gaj is used here to prove that a mechanism of self¬ exclusion is an illusion and it turns into its own reverse. The mechanism of exclusion helps the hero of the story to create a web made of attachments and dependencies. Michał (the adored object) embodies such a set of connections and acts as a lover who in this case turns against his antagonist.
EN
The article presents problem of social difference and the related mechanisms of exclusion. The paper shows the process how the difference needed in the world is born inequality, discrimination, human suffering, often as unwanted and unintended consequences of group processes. The factor differentiating way to experience the social difference and forms of engagement in reality, is the human identity. The text presents the arguments in favor of the thesis that the difference does not necessarily lead to inequality, and a key role in this process is the identity of the man, with his basic need of recognition. Educational activities are considered an important factor in institutional support in this process. Also shows the process of individualization (the problem of individualism) in the social world as an essential factor in the offending unfavorable balance between an inclusion and social exclusion.
EN
The relationship to Romani people is characterised by deeply rooted negative stereotypes and significant distance between them and the Polish people. Comparative research on representative groups of Polish, Czech, Slovak and Hungarian people showed that Poles declare relatively better attitude towards the Romani than other nations. The article presents the results of research conducted in 2013 among students of Higher School of Business National-Louis University in Nowy Sącz, Poland. The place was selected due to the fact that in Nowy Sącz and its vicinity there is a large number of people from the group that is considered to be the poorest among the Romani – Bergitka Roma. Although nearly 60% of the respondents have contacts with Romani people, their opinions reveal negative stereotypes, declared distance and the view that the Romani people should be excluded from political elections, which is held by 20% of the respondents.
EN
This paper explores the phenomenon of marginal identities in Israel, focusing on the Ethiopian Jewish community as a representative case study. As a multicultural nation, Israel grapples with the intricacies of integrating diverse ethnic and religious groups into its social fabric. Ethiopian Jews, a small and unique group in the Israeli social landscape, face multifaceted challenges in their quest for acceptance. The research delves into the complexities of identity formation within the Ethiopian Jewish community, considering the interplay of their history of immigration to Israel, unique religious practices, and the process of integration into Israeli society. It is accompanied by comparisons to other aliyot, in particular Mizrahi Jews and post-Soviet Jews. By analyzing the power dynamics that define Ethiopian Israelis’ status within Israel’s imagined community, this paper seeks to unveil the reasons behind their marginalization in the country, in particular focusing on the construction of Israeli national discourse. Ultimately, this paper aims to deepen the understanding of marginal identities in Israel, using the example of Ethiopian Jews to shed light on the broader challenges faced by marginalized communities in diverse societies. The paper offers valuable insights for policymakers, social advocates, and scholars striving to promote inclusivity and social cohesion within multicultural nations.
EN
The main aim of the author is to present the phenomenon of aging in Poland by problems of marginalization, forgetfulness and exclusion. The author analyzes the cultural texts (poems) and reaches to feminist literature, sociological research and developments that are currently taking place in the society to show large-scale phenomenon of marginalization of older people in society.
PL
Writer raise an issue on inclusion and exclusion in three different levels. The firs level represents fulfiling child’s individual needs, the second level is about protection of other children’s interests and needs. Third level stends for actual social context with its own possibilities and limits. Writer points out the fact that ideology and its proclamations often don’t mach the applied proffesional solution. Experts face the pressure of political ambitions. Author gives several particular examples of “segregation” of – Romany (gypsy) ethnic minority, mentally disadvantaged children, disadvantaged children of intact popolation, international adoption. The writer is conviced that child in foster care is a part of whole children assembly and it is not appropriate to narrow the search for the optimal solution only for the child in foster care.
EN
When helping another person we usually focus on what kind of help we offer and who we help. We often don’t pay attention to the person who offers help. The goal of this summary is to talk about that person – to show, who the volunteer is, in a specific context of street work with homeless people. This article shows not only who streetworkers are, but it also shows their work ethics and their attitude towards the people they help. The research that has been done omits detailed stat analysis in order to focus full attention to parameters and indicators of this particular social study. Because of this process we manage to obtain a vivid and true image of a streetworker‘s agenda.
EN
Facebook as a new source of social exclusion in Web 2.0 eraSocial life in the 21st century is no longer composed simply of direct communication but also of technology-mediated one. Moreover, these two patterns of communication are both equally important. In such cyberreal world the Internet not only is the equalizing force which reduces traditionally understood social divisions but also offers additional opportunities and creates a new kind of social exclusion – the social network exclusion. The main aim of this article is an analysis of the mechanisms created by Facebook that exclude and limit the access to its content, as compared with the traditional forms of social life and exclusion. Facebook jako źródło wykluczenia społecznego ery Web 2.0W XXI wieku życie społeczne opiera się już nie tylko na komunikacji bezpośredniej, ale jest również zapośredniczone cyfrowo, przy czym obie te sfery są sobie równoważne. W tak rozumianym cyberrealnym świecie internet nie jest wyłącznie siłą zacierającą tradycyjne podziały społeczne, lecz oferuje techniczne możliwości i sprzyja tworzeniu nowego typu wykluczenia – społecznościowego. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza portalu Facebook pod kątem mechanizmów wykluczających i ograniczających dostęp do zgromadzonych w serwisie treści w kontekście tradycyjnych form życia i wykluczenia społecznego.
EN
The article deals with the issue of excluding of a member of a collegial body from general administrative proceedings. This regulation aims at the implementation of the principle of impartiality of proceedings, which is based on Art. 8 § 1 of the Code of Administrative Procedure. The author discusses the elements of the exclusion institution, in particular the notion of a member of a collegial body, the reasons for the exclusion, the form of the exclusion and the authority deciding on the exclusion, the exclusion initiative, and the effects of the exclusion. The article also sets out the effects of violating the exclusion regulation.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie wyłączenia członka organu kolegialnego w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym. Regulacja ta służy realizacji zasady bezstronności postępowania, która znajduje oparcie w art. 8 § 1 k.p.a. Autor omawia elementy konstrukcji wyłączenia, w szczególności pojęcie członka organu kolegialnego, przyczyny wyłączenia oraz formę wyłączenia, a także organ rozstrzygający o wyłączeniu, inicjatywę wyłączenia oraz skutki wyłączenia. Artykuł również skutki naruszenia przepisów o wyłączeniu.  
EN
The article concerns the represenation of exclusion and marginalization in the works by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki. The poems show the interaction of autobiographical references with the author’s own reflections upon poetic artistry and the ways of representing otherness. Also Tkaczyszyn-Dycki’s close relationship with his mother becomes a constituting element which forms the myth of his poetic identity.
EN
During the last century, the multi-ethnic character of Brno changed in reaction to political and economic changes in the Czech Republic. The article is based on qualitative research on the national minorities in Brno and participating observation between 2007 and 2014. It offers a brief and informative overview of ethnological research in Brno since the late 1950s and changes in the methodological access to research on the town from the perspective of ethnology. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to the most important national minorities and ethnic groups. It draws attention to the census in the Czech Republic when its official data are in contrast to the qualified estimations (especially in terms of the number of the Roma). The contribution pays attention to the ethic, social and cultural development of the Roma and offers an informative and analytical view of the process of modernization and gentrification in the socially excluded location of Cejl in the district of Brno-North where a high percentage of the Roma live. In this town district are the most important cultural and educational and social facilities for the Roma (Museum of Romani Culture, various non-profit organizations) which attend to the preservation of cultural heritage of this Czech ethnic minority, among other things. The process of gentrification which is running here now influences the ethnic and social composition of the residents and thus the social culture of this town district. Development is heading towards the displacement of socially weak residents – mainly the Roma – which is in contrast to the intention of the subsidy principles of the European Union and the Integrated Development Plan for the City.
EN
In the last decade there has been a positive trend in the increase in occupational activity of the people from the older groups of the working population, but at the same time there emerges the worrying phenomenon of long-term unemployment in this group. The considerations contained in this study refer to older people, represented by those who belong to the older working age groups. Such a choice was dictated by their increasing share in the workforce and in the long-term unemployed group. The purpose of this article is to answer the question concerning the reasons and mechanism of exclusion of the elderly from the labor market. The point of departure of the discussion is an attempt to approximate the notion of exclusion from the labor market, then the analysis of long-term unemployment among unemployed people over 50 years of age. The main part of the article covers the analysis of factors that can be considered as determining the occupational exclusion of older people. The analysis used the results of research conducted among the unemployed over 50 in Poland as well as data of the Central Statistical Office and the Local Data Bank.
EN
The article is a part of a discussion about the efforts of the modern nation‑state to control individuals by circumscribing their mobility. The case study concerns a community from Mixteca region in Oaxaca, Mexico. The exclusion from the labor market contributed to national and international mobility of the community members. Because of their border crossing without the required state authorization migrants are labeled “illegal”. The U.S. nation‑state reduces them to what Giorgio Agamben has called “bare life”. Deportation is manifestation of total power that nation‑state holds over a deportable alien. In the first decade of the 21st century the number of removals equaled deportations during the Great Depression. Members of the transnational community, excluded both by “sending” and “receiving” states, seek ways to build the community’s welfare on their own. It is possible due to collective monetary remittances, which enable the realization of the communitarian goals. That is an example of political culture that constitutes the emerging transnational citizenship.
EN
The article addresses the formation of transsexual minority subjects in Poland, shows theparadoxes of citizenship and mobility in the public space of the trans.
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