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Rozkład materialnego ciężaru dowodu w sprawach o zniesławienie

100%
Liżyńska K.
Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego
|
2014
|
vol. 32
31 - 41
EN
In defamation proceedings there occurs the reversal of roles with regards to the distribution of the burden of proof. The defendant, in order to gain impunity of his or her actions, must prove that his or her pleas made to the prosecutor are true. And when we deal with defamation made publicly, when it does not apply to persons performing public functions, the defendant must also prove that the plea was used to achieve socially legitimate interests. The author presents de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions trying to answer the question of whether the reversal of the general principles of substantial burden of proof is justified.
2
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Freedom of Conscience as a Personal Right. Comments against the Background of Selected Jurisprudence of Polish Courts

63%
Nowak-Dziwina O.
Kościół i Prawo
|
2023
|
vol. 12
|
issue 2
77-93
EN
The aim of the article is to characterize the principles of protecting freedom of conscience as a personal right, i.e., a non-property right appertaining to the person protected under civil law. The protection is to safeguard the person from acts that run contrary to their worldview or religion. However, it is not absolute. It must take into account the limitations derived from other values recognized under the legal system. Not every act that may cause a sense of harm can be treated as an infringement of personal rights.
PL
Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka zasad ochrony wolności sumienia jako dobra osobistego, czyli niematerialnego dobra związanego z osobą ludzką, które chronione jest przez przepisy prawa cywilnego. Ochrona ta ma przeciwdziałać działaniom niezgodnym z wyznawanym przez daną osobę światopoglądem lub religią. Nie ma jednak charakteru bezwzględnego. Musi bowiem uwzględniać ograniczenia wynikające z innych uznawanych przez system prawny wartości. Nie każde działanie mogące wywoływać poczucie krzywdy może być traktowane jako naruszenie dóbr osobistych.
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