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EN
Purpose: The aim of this study is to review the effects of psychological capital on employees’ burn out in the work environment. This research is paired with Self-Efficacy Theory, which emphasizes that the results of efforts and performances are the most significant sources of self-efficacy. Methodology: Data collected from 416 Turkish workers employed at public institutions in Turkey were included in the analyses to identify the effects of psychological capital on burnout by using two different types of scales (burnout and psychological capital scales) into a single questionnaire form with Likert-type response scale. Beside the Reliability Analysis, different statistical valuation methods –such as regression and correlation analyses– have also been used. Findings: The results of analyses conducted on the sample of 416 Turkish workers reveal that statis tically significant relationships appear between self-efficacy and depersonalization, hope and low personal accomplishment, optimism and emotional exhaustion, optimism and depersonalization. Optimism is negatively related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization while positively and insignificantly related to low personal accomplishment. Both self-efficacy and optimism are signifi cantly effective in explaining depersonalization. Hope positively and significantly contributes to explain the low personal accomplishment level of employees. On the other hand, optimism negatively and significantly contributes to emotional exhaustion. Implications: As found in the results of this research, optimism will decrease emotional exhaustion. Resilient people can more easily adapt to changes in life. Organizations may focus not only on improv ing organizational structure but also foregrounding workers’ positive personality traits and healthy psychological capital systems. Value: This research which emphasizes the effects of psychological capital on burnout levels of em- ployees is as valuable as others in relevant literature with different research results which are more valuable than the other. null
EN
This study deals with burnout as a multifactor phenomenon, which is a state of complete mental, somatic, cognitive, and behavioral exhaustion. The aim is to provide an analysis of burnout, its causes, symptoms, developmental stage, and diagnostic methods. The study reported burnout as one of the manifestations of the contemporary developed, hurried, and consumer society, which is characterized by an increased pace of life and ever-growing economic and social demands. The first part of the analysis found burnout on a general level and in specific the profession of a university teacher. The first part of the study focuses on the characteristics of burnout, its reasons and various influencing variables, as well as the most vulnerable individuals. Another part of the study presents the different stages of burnout, which differ in various stages of development. In the next section, burnout relative to the profession of university teacher, which is characterized by specific forms and load requirements, is presented. At the conclusion of the study, the prevention of burnout, which should take place on a personal, organizational, and work level, is taken into account. Attention is drawn to the methods of diagnosing burnout. In essence, the study provides a comprehensive presentation of burnout, which creates potential and increasing threats to the form of the individual. The aim of the study was to develop a systematic approach to look at burnout as a gradual process with a set of cumulative and interrelated symptoms.
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2022
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vol. XLIX
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issue 4
45-56
EN
Job burnout as a social phenomenon covers more and more groups of employees. The problem mainly affects professions of a social nature, which require constant contact with other people. Previous studies have shown that police service is classified as high-risk in the context of job burnout due to the mode and manner of work that police officers perform every day. In their work, policemen are faced with ever greater requirements regarding their competence, availability, high quality and appropriate pace of performed tasks. Therefore, in their service they are particularly vulnerable to being affected by job burnout syndrome. This article attempts to determine the extent of the phenomenon of job burnout syndrome and its causes in a group of police officers working and representing various police departments in the city of Krakow. The research was conducted on the basis of the Polish version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI).
EN
We are increasingly moving our lives to the Internet, working in the Internet space, building social relationships, doing errands or seeking our passions there. However, we rarely ponder on how that space affects us. We are online all the time. We are on the web. We are possessed by the web. We become cyber burned-out. So far, the phenomenon of burnout has been studied only in a work-related context and treated as a category that refers to adults only. However, it is beginning to apply to children as well – physicians diagnose child burnout that results from the pressure children are placed under to meet expectations relating to their academic performance and the pursuit of success.
EN
Background The goal of this paper is to verify the correlations between adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism and the selected demographic and job characteristics vs. professional burnout among medical laboratory scientists in Poland. Material and Methods The study group consisted of 166 laboratory scientists. The Polish Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism Questionnaire (Szczucka) was used for testing perfectionism. The Oldenburg Burnout Inventory was used for examining burnout syndrome. Results Adaptive perfectionism was positively and maladaptive perfectionism was negatively correlated with both aspects of professional burnout: the disengagement from work and exhaustion. What is more, maladaptive perfectionism was correlated negatively with age and work experience. People in relationships have a higher level of disengagement and a higher level of exhaustion than single ones. The results of hierarchical regression analyses have revealed, after having controlled selected demographic and job factors, that a significant predictor of disengagement is the high level of adaptive perfectionism and low level of maladaptive perfectionism. In addition, a significant predictor of high level of exhaustion is the low level of maladaptive perfectionism. Conclusions Professional burnout among medical laboratory scientists is of a specific nature. The “healthier” perfectionism they reveal, the higher level of burnout they present. In this profession, lower risk of burnout is represented by those who are characterized by the lack of confidence in the quality of their actions and a negative reaction to their own imperfections associated with imposed social obligation to be perfect. The individuals pursuing their internal high standards experience burnout faster. Med Pr 2018;69(3):253–260
EN
Objectives As many studies have shown, one of the most important tendencies of employees nowadays is to achieve work– life balance. Organizations should develop various activities and create supportive climate, within the framework of which employees will have opportunities to realize aforementioned goals which in turn would increase work productivity and work motivation. The aim of this paper was to examine how subjective well-being (life satisfaction and exhaustion) is associated with commitment to work and family roles under the conditions of strongly and weakly perceived organizational support for family life among health care professionals, teachers and bankers in Macedonia. Marriage duration and the number of children were introduced as control variables. Material and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 198 full-time employed doctors, nurses, teachers and bankers. Research variables were assessed using self-reported measures/ questionnaires. Hierarchical multiple linear regression was performed for data analysis. Results It was revealed that occupational role commitment contributed to highly expressed life satisfaction, while exhaustion was predicted by marital role commitment. These relationships were stronger among surveyed employees who reported positive family-supportive organization perception, but tested moderation effect of this variable was not statistically significant. Findings demonstrated that family-supportive organization perception moderated association of the number of children with life satisfaction, that is, participants who perceived an organization as family-supportive and had more children were more satisfied with their life in general. Conclusions Results highlighted the importance of organizational orientation toward employees, their commitment to work and family roles, and their subjective well-being, as characteristics that might contribute to higher work engagement, success and family satisfaction. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2018;31(3):281–291
EN
ObjectivesThe study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect – mediated through insomnia – effect of coronavirus anxiety on exhaustion, from the perspective of Hobfoll’s theory of conservation of resources (COR). According to the COR theory, critical events (e.g., the coronavirus epidemic) make people fearful of losing their valuable resources. A prolonged state of anxiety may lead to sleeping troubles, which over time results in an increase in exhaustion.Material and MethodsData were collected from 440 Polish healthcare providers, including nurses and midwives, doctors, paramedics, medical assistance workers, and wardens. Three measures were used: the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (the sleeping trouble subscale) and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (the exhaustion subscale). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling.ResultsThe obtained results fully support the hypotheses. Both the direct and indirect relationships between coronavirus anxiety and exhaustion were observed. Specifically, high coronavirus anxiety increased insomnia, which in turn contributed to the development of exhaustion.ConclusionsThe results are consistent with the COR theory. Prolonged coronavirus anxiety and sleeping problems depleted healthcare providers’ resources and made them feel exhausted. Exhaustion among these workers can have serious consequences not only for themselves but also for the health of their patients. Therefore, research into effective ways to deal with coronavirus anxiety is needed.
EN
Objectives The aim of this exploratory study was to analyze the association between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion among healthcare professionals, and the mediating role of the perceived quality of care in this relationship. Material and Methods Self-report questionnaires were administered to 724 healthcare workers. The measurement model was tested and the mediation hypothesis was verified through hierarchical multiple regression analyses. Bootstrapping was used to construct confidence intervals to evaluate the mediation effects. Results Emotional dissonance was significantly related to emotional exhaustion, and the perceived quality of care was negatively related to emotional exhaustion. The perceived quality of care had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between emotional dissonance and emotional exhaustion. Emotional dissonance had a significant effect on emotional exhaustion, and the perceived quality of care was a mediating factor in this relationship among healthcare professionals. Conclusions The management of the perceived quality of care may be helpful in the prevention of burnout and distress in the workplace. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(6):841–51
EN
Introduction and aim. Emotional burnout syndrome has become increasingly common in recent decades, regardless of the field of professional activity. The purpose of our study was to compare the prevalence of emotional burnout in medical students of Vinnytsia National Medical University before the beginning of the academic semester and during the passing of exams. Material and methods. An anonymous, voluntary survey before the start of study was taken by 300 students, among them 82.3% were women, 17.7% were men. Results. During the exams, 362 students took part, including 76.2% women and 24.1% men. According to the results of the study, the proportion of the “average” degree of exhaustion increased in second-year students by 15.6%; third-year students by 44.4%. The “high” degree of emotional exhaustion according to the results of the study before the start of training was found in male students of the third year – 44.4% and 36.4% of male students of the sixth year. During the exams, the rate of “high” emotional exhaustion was observed in first-year students, increasing from 12.5% to 18% and in sixth-year students from 36.4% to 50%. Conclusion. Thus, it was found that female students are the most adapted to the educational load, to passing exams, which affects the psychosomatic state of future doctors.
EN
A phenomenon known well before the onset of modern society, registered as a medical term not until the second half of the 19th century, when physiologists and psychologists inquired into physical and mental exhaustion resulting from excessive work as well as that which had no work-related etiology. Such condition of the severe mental fatigue which entailed deficiency of nerve-force was defined by American neurologist George M. Beard as neurasthenia. Taking into account scientific studies of enervation, the article examines some late 19th-century literary treatments of exhaustion in Joris-Karl Huysmans’s Against Nature and Wilkie Collins’s The Woman in White to present them as peculiar, decontextualized cases of exhaustion for exhaustion’s sake.
EN
Background The objective of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) – its factor structure, reliability, validity and standard norms. Material and Methods The study was conducted on 3 independent samples of 1804, 366 and 48 workers employed in social service and general service professions. To test the OLBI structure the exploratory factor analysis was conducted. The reliability was assessed by means of Cronbach’s α coefficient (the internal consistent) and test–retest (the stability over time) method, with a 6-week follow-up. The construct validity of the OLBI was tested by means of correlation analysis, using perceived stress and work engagement as the criterion variables. Results The result of the factor analysis confirmed a 2-factor structure of the Inventory but the construction of each factor differed from that in the OLBI original version. Therefore, 2 separate factor analyses – each for the single component of job burnout (exhaustion and disengagement from work) – were conducted. The analyses revealed that each of the components consisted of 2 subscales. The reliability of the OLBI was supported by 2 methods. It was also proved that job burnout and its 2 components, exhaustion and disengagement from work, were positively correlated with perceived stress and negatively correlated with work engagement and its 3 components – vigor, absorption and dedication. Conclusions Despite certain limitations the Polish version of the OLBI shows satisfactory psychometric properties and it can be used to measure job burnout in Polish conditions. Med Pr 2016;67(1):29–41
PL
Wstęp Celem badań była analiza psychometrycznych właściwości polskiej wersji Oldenburskiego Kwestionariusza Wypalenia Zawodowego (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory – OLBI) – jego struktury czynnikowej, rzetelności, trafności teoretycznej i normalizacji. Kwestionariusz mierzy 2 kluczowe komponenty wypalenia zawodowego – wyczerpanie oraz zdystansowanie wobec pracy. Materiał i metody Badania przeprowadzono w 3 niezależnych próbach – liczących 1804 osoby, 366 osób i 46 osób – pracujących w zawodach służb społecznych i zawodach usługowych. Budowę czynnikową narzędzia sprawdzono za pomocą eksploracyjnej analizy czynnikowej. Jego rzetelność obliczono 2 metodami – przy użyciu miary α Cronbacha (zgodność wewnętrzna) i testu–retestu (stabilność czasowa) – z 6-tygodniową przerwą w pomiarze. Trafność teoretyczną kwestionariusza oszacowano za pomocą analizy korelacji, w której zmiennymi kryterialnymi były stres spostrzegany i zaangażowanie w pracy. Normy obliczono w skali staninowej. Wyniki Analiza czynnikowa wykazała 2-czynnikową strukturę kwestionariusza, która zawierała pytania sformułowane pozytywnie i negatywnie. To zadecydowało o przeprowadzeniu oddzielnych analiz dla 2 podskal teoretycznych – wyczerpania i zdystansowania wobec pracy. Podskale okazały się spójne i obejmowały po 2 czynniki stwierdzeń sformułowanych pozytywnie i negatywnie. Wyczerpanie i zdystansowanie wobec pracy były ze sobą umiarkowanie współzależne. Rzetelność narzędzia była satysfakcjonująca. Zgodnie z przewidywaniem wyczerpanie i zdystansowanie wobec pracy dodatnio wiązały się ze stresem spostrzeganym i ujemnie z zaangażowaniem w pracy oraz z 3 jego komponentami – wigorem, oddaniem się pracy i pochłonięciem przez pracę. Wnioski Mimo pewnych ograniczeń polska wersja Oldenburskiego Kwestionariusz Wypalenia Zawodowego jest narzędziem o dobrych właściwościach psychometrycznych, które może być polecane jako alternatywna metoda pomiaru wypalenia zawodowego. Med. Pr. 2016;67(1):29–41
EN
Background The relationship between positivity, i.e., the proportion of positive and negative emotions, and job burnout may be of a curvilinear shape. From a theoretical point of view, it is a causal relationship, since positivity can be regarded as a proximal dimension of occupational well-being, and burnout as a distal one. However, previous studies have been mostly cross-sectional and have tested only linear relationships between these variables. Therefore, the aim of the study is to examine the shape of the relationship between positivity and burnout using both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, on the example of civil servants. Material and Methods The study involved 238 civil servants (73.5% of whom were women). Positivity was assessed with the Job-related Affective Well-being Scale. Exhaustion and disengagement, 2 components of job burnout, were measured twice, at a 4-month interval, using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Results The cross-sectional models assuming the curvilinear relationship between positivity and job burnout were better fitted to the data than models with the linear relationship only. Thus, positivity was curvilinearly related to both exhaustion and disengagement, with an inflection point around 2. In the longitudinal models, for exhaustion the curvilinear model was again better fitted to the data, while for disengagement it was the linear model. Conclusions The relationship between positivity and exhaustion was curvilinear among the civil servants. This may indicate personal costs of maintaining a high ratio of positive to negative emotions at work. Nevertheless, the role of positivity for disengagement seems more complex, with a possible long-term protective function. Med Pr. 2019;70(2):201–11
PL
Wstęp Związek pozytywności, czyli proporcji między pozytywnymi a negatywnymi emocjami, z wypaleniem zawodowym może przybierać kształt krzywoliniowy. Ponadto z perspektywy teoretycznej jest to relacja przyczynowo-skutkowa, w której pozytywność jest proksymalnym, a wypalenie – dystalnym wymiarem dobrostanu zawodowego. Dotychczasowe badania były jednak prowadzone najczęściej w planie poprzecznym i testowały relacje prostoliniowe. Celem pracy było zbadanie kształtu relacji między pozytywnością a wypaleniem zawodowym z uwzględnieniem planów poprzecznego i podłużnego na przykładzie grupy urzędników administracji publicznej. Materiał i metody W badaniu wzięło udział 238 urzędników (73,5% stanowiły kobiety). Pozytywność oceniano za pomocą Skali dobrostanu emocjonalnego w pracy (Job-related Affective Well-being Scale – JAWS-12). Wyczerpanie i zdystansowanie – 2 komponenty wypalenia zawodowego – mierzono dwukrotnie, w odstępie 4 miesięcy, za pomocą Oldenburskiego kwestionariusza wypalenia zawodowego (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory – OLBI). Wyniki W planie poprzecznym modele uwzględniające relacje krzywoliniowe między pozytywnością a wypaleniem zawodowym były lepiej dopasowane do danych niż modele zawierające relacje prostoliniowe. Relacje między pozytywnością a wyczerpaniem i zdystansowaniem były krzywoliniowe z punktem przegięcia funkcji około wartości 2 dla pozytywności. W planie podłużnym dla wyczerpania w dalszym ciągu lepiej dopasowany był natomiast model krzywoliniowy, podczas gdy dla zdystansowania – model prostoliniowy. Wnioski W grupie urzędników relacje między pozytywnością a wyczerpaniem były krzywoliniowe. Może to wskazywać na indywidualne koszty utrzymywania w pracy wyższego nasilenia emocji pozytywnych w porównaniu z negatywnymi. Z kolei rola pozytywności dla zdystansowania jest jednak bardziej złożona, z możliwą funkcją ochronną w dłuższej perspektywie czasowej. Med. Pr. 2019;70(2):201–211
EN
Background The aim of the study was to better understand the process through which recovery leads to teachers’ exhaustion and performance. The direct and the indirect, i.e., mediated by teacher’ work-related self-efficacy, effects of recovery on exhaustion and job performance were measured. To assessment of recovery, the Polish version of the Work-Related Rumination Scale (W-RRS) was developed. It measures detachment, affective rumination and problem-solving pondering. The psychometric properties of this tool constitute an additional contribution to the article. Material and Methods The study was conducted among a group of primary and secondary school teachers (N = 503). The factor structure of the W-RRS scale was checked using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), its reliability by using of Cronbach’s α measure, and its theoretical validity by means of correlation of main variables with criterion variables. Hypotheses related to direct and mediation effects were verified using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results The obtained results confirmed the criterion and construct validity and reliability of the W-RRS. It has been also shown that detachment is directly negatively associated with exhaustion (but not with performance), affective rumination is a predictor of higher exhaustion and lower job performance, and problem-solving pondering is related to job performance (but not to exhaustion). Self-efficacy mediates the effect of 2 (out of the 3) types of recovery on exhaustion and job performance, such that high levels of problem-solving pondering and low levels of affective rumination translate into high self-efficacy, which in turn leads to lower exhaustion and higher job performance. Conclusions The recovery methods have various implications for functioning of teachers. While detachment and problem-solving pondering seem to promote it, affective rumination intensifies exhaustion and reduces performance. The mediator of the recovery-psychological well-being relationship is self-efficacy. The W-RRS questionnaire can be used to assessment of rumination among teachers.
PL
Wstęp Celem badań było wyjaśnienie procesu, poprzez który psychiczna regeneracja po pracy, związana z myślami pojawiającymi się w czasie wolnym, wiąże się z wyczerpaniem i wydajnością nauczycieli. Mierzono bezpośrednią i pośrednią, tj. mediowaną przez poczucie własnej skuteczności zawodowej, zależność między regeneracją po pracy a wyczerpaniem i wydajnością w pracy. Do pomiaru psychicznej regeneracji po pracy przygotowana została polska wersja Skali ruminacji o pracy (Work-Related Rumination Scale – W-RRS), mierząca 3 rodzaje myśli o pracy: psychiczne oderwanie się od pracy, ruminowanie afektywne oraz rozmyślanie nad rozwiązaniem problemu. Psychometryczne własności tej skali stanowią dodatkowy wkład do artykułu. Materiał i metody Badania przeprowadzono w grupie nauczycieli szkół podstawowych i średnich (N = 503). Budowę czynnikową skali W-RRS sprawdzano z wykorzystaniem konfirmacyjnej analizy czynnikowej (confirmatory factor analysis – CFA), jej rzetelność przy użyciu miary α Cronbacha, zaś trafność teoretyczną mierzono za pomocą miar korelacji zmiennych głównych ze zmiennymi kryterialnymi. Weryfikację hipotez dotyczących efektów bezpośrednich i pośrednich przeprowadzono metodą modelowania równań strukturalnych (structural equation modeling – SEM). Wyniki Analizy potwierdziły trafność kryterialną i teoretyczną oraz rzetelność skali W-RRS. Metoda SEM wykazała, że psychiczne oderwanie się od pracy bezpośrednio ujemnie wiąże się z wyczerpaniem (ale nie z wydajnością), ruminowanie afektywne jest predyktorem wyższego wyczerpania i niższej wydajności, a z kolei rozmyślanie nad rozwiązaniem problemu sprzyja wyższej wydajności (ale nie wyczerpaniu). Poczucie własnej skuteczności mediuje efekt 2 (z 3) rodzajów myśli o pracy na wyczerpanie i wydajność w taki sposób, że wysoki poziom rozmyślania o rozwiązaniu problemu i niski poziom ruminowania afektywnego przekładają się na wysokie poczucie własnej skuteczności, a to prowadzi do obniżenia wyczerpania i wzrostu wydajności. Wnioski Badane sposoby psychicznej regeneracji po pracy mają różne konsekwencje dla funkcjonowania nauczycieli. O ile oderwanie się od pracy i rozmyślanie nad rozwiązaniem problemu zdają się mu sprzyjać, o tyle ruminowanie afektywne nasila wyczerpanie i obniża wydajność. Efekt regeneracji psychicznej jest mediowany przez poczucie własnej skuteczności. Kwestionariusz W-RRS może być wykorzystywany do badania polskich nauczycieli.
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