Search results

1

Intentional Identity and Coordination

100%

Chen H.-Y.

Studia Semiotyczne

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2017

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vol. 31

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issue 2

35–51

EN

The concept of intentional identity has aroused considerable interests since Geach (1967). I argue, however, that the real import of intentional identity is still not duly appreciated. Drawing on three sets of close-knit data – intersubjective and intrasubjective intentional identity, along with cross-speaker anaphora, I submit coordination as the key to its proper understanding and propose a set of success conditions thereof

2

Is AI case that is explainable, intelligible or hopeless?

100%

Mścisławski Ł.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2022

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issue 73

357-369

EN

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Poland This article is a review of the book Making AI Intelligible. Philosophical Foundations, written by Herman Cappelen and Josh Dever, and published in 2021 by Oxford University Press. The authors of the reviewed book address the difficult issue of interpreting the results provided by AI systems and the links between human-specific content handling and the internal mechanisms of these systems. Considering the potential usefulness of various frameworks developed in philosophy to solve the problem, they conduct a thorough analysis of a wide spectrum of them, from the use of Saul Kripke’s work to a critical analysis of the explainable AI current.

3

Transparent Contents and Trivial Inferences

88%

Sambrotta M.

Studia Semiotyczne

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2019

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vol. 33

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issue 1

PL

A possible way out to Kripke’s Puzzle About Belief could start from the rejection of the notion of epistemic transparency. Epistemic transparency seems, indeed, irremediably incompatible with an externalist conception of mental content. However, Brandom’s inferentialism could be considered a version of externalism that allows, at least in some cases, to save the principle of transparency. Appealing to a normative account of the content of our beliefs, from the inferentialist’s standpoint, it is possible to state that a content is transparent when name-components of that content are a priori associated with some application conditions and, at the same time, reflection alone provides an a priori access to those application conditions, with no need of any empirical investigation. Nevertheless, such requirements are only met in trivial cases. The aim of this paper is to argue that some application conditions of that sort, albeit trivial, can be ontologically ampliative. As a result, the related contents can be regarded as transparent in a substantial and rich way.

4

Knowledge about Our Experience and Distinguishing Between Possibilities

88%

Matuszkiewicz M., Warszawski U.

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

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2017

|

vol. 38 (3)

EN

In my article I reconstruct the main threads of Robert Stalnaker’s book Our Knowledge of the Internal World, which focuses on the problem of our epistemic relation to our experience and the relation between experience and knowledge. First, the book proposes an interesting view of externalism, which combines classical externalist claims with a contextualist approach to content ascriptions. The approach accommodates some important internalist intuitions by showing how content ascriptions can be sensitive to the perspective from which a subject perceives the world. Second, Stalnaker proposes a theory of selflocating and phenomenal knowledge, which should be understood in terms of differentiating between real possibilities. The puzzling upshot of this elegant solution is that it commits one to the existence of possibilities accessible only from the first-person perspective. Finally, Stalnaker presents an argument which shows that our knowledge about our phenomenal experience is no more direct than the knowledge about external objects. Stalnaker’s claim that by merely having an experience we don’t learn any new information seems, however, too strict in light of his contextualist approach to content ascriptions.

5

How Far we Can Go Without Looking Under the Skin: The Bounds of Cognitive Science

88%

Afeltowicz Ł., Wachowski W.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

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2015

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vol. 40

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issue 1

91-109

EN

The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of distributed cognition (DCog) in the context of classic questions posed by mainstream cognitive science. We support our remarks by appealing to empirical evidence from the fields of cognitive science and ethnography. Particular attention is paid to the structure and functioning of a cognitive system, as well as its external representations. We analyze the problem of how far we can push the study of human cognition without taking into account what is underneath an individual’s skin. In light of our discussion, a distinction between DCog and the extended mind becomes important.

6

Od skepticizmu k objektívnemu poznaniu

88%

Taliga M.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2016

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vol. 64

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issue 5

691-704

XX

The critical arguments of scepticism lead to the conclusion that no proposition can be justified as true. The attempts to define knowledge as justified true belief therefore fail, even within externalism. If we attribute knowledge to someone else, we can never justifiably know that we have done it correctly. Attributing knowledge is a hypothetical activity. Moreover, knowledge itself is hypothetical as well. There are no justifiably identifiable good reasons telling us that an investigated proposition is true. Scepticism thus leads an optimist, who holds that knowledge exists, to objectivism, i.e. to the view that knowledge is objective because its truth can be reduced neither to good reasons nor to the beliefs of investigators. Keywords: scepticism, objective knowledge, internalism, externalism, objectivism

7

Metalinguistic Value Disagreement

88%

Rast E.

Studia Semiotyczne

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2017

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vol. 31

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issue 2

139–159

EN

In a series of publications Burgess, Plunkett and Sundell have developed a metalinguistic negotiation view that they call ‘Conceptual Ethics.’ I argue that their position adequately captures our intuition that some cases of value disputes are metalinguistic, but that they reverse the direction of justification when they state that speakers ‘negotiate’ the best use of a term or concept on the basis of its prior social role. Borrowing ideas from Putnam (1975b), I instead suggest distinguishing two meanings of general terms and value predicates. Core meaning represents the lowest common denominator between speakers and is primarily based on our needs to coordinate behavior. In contrast to this, the noumenal meaning of a general term or value predicate is intended to capture an aspect of reality and represents what a term really means. Like many other disputes about theoretical terms, terms for abstract objects, and predicates, metalinguistic value disputes are about noumenal meaning on the basis of a shared core meaning. This direction towards reality is what sets the account apart from mere metalinguistic negotiation.

8

Filosofie a literatura: čtení přes překážky

88%

Koťátko P.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2017

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vol. 65

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issue 3

341-360

EN

The author attempts to show that philosophy and literature can – in an equally radical, destructive and yet productive way – intervene in the running of our conceptual apparatus, schemes of imagination and patterns of interpretation. He focuses on three philosophical and two literary examples of this kind: 1) In the Phenomenology of Spirit, Hegel describes, in a most dynamic (and “physically” evocative) way, the movement performed by thought which strives to articulate a speculative content in the traditional subject-predicate form (based on a fixed substance-attribute opposition). 2) The externalist thought experiments (H. Putnam, T. Burge and others) have an equally radical effect: they subvert our intuitions concerning the contents of thoughts and communicative acts and the “natural” assumption that these contents are located in our heads. 3) The Gricean semantics with its well-known regresses leads to the conclusion that any act of “meaning something by something” expands (in its intentional structure) in infinitum: this is a radical challenge for our intuitions concerning the nature of communicative attitudes and communicative acts. 4) The narrator in Beckett’s Trilogy (in particular in The Unnamable) describes his mind as a space for the interventions of other, more assertive and more efficient, minds. Moreover, he concludes that even this thought should be ascribed to them, the same holds for this conclusion etc. in infinitum: in this way, the narrator’s subject collapses in an infinite regress. This corresponds to the externalist revision of the internal nature of our thought (cf. 2) as well as the Gricean regresses affecting any attempts to identify the position from which we “mean something by something” (cf. 3). The resulting collapse of the referential role of the first person pronoun, as well as other examples of Beckettian destruction of basic language functions, provide a literary analogy to Hegel’s revision of the traditional sentence form (cf. 3). Another contribution to this confrontation is to be found in Borges’ Pierre Menard story.

9

What Have I Done?

88%

Chappell T.

Diametros

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2013

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issue 38

86-112

EN

An externalist view of intention is developed on broadly Wittgensteinian grounds, and applied to show that the classic Thomist doctrine of double effect, though it has good uses in casuistry, has also been overused because of the internalism about intention that has generally been presupposed by its users. We need a good criterion of what counts as the content of our intentional actions; I argue, again on Wittgensteinian grounds, that the best criterion comes not from foresight, nor from foresight plus some degree of probability, nor from any metaphysics of “closeness”, but simply from our ordinary shared understanding of what counts as doing a given action, and what does not.

10

Semantic Internalism Is a Mistake

75%

Bielecka K., Warszawski U.

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

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2017

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vol. 38 (3)

EN

The concept of narrow content is still under discussion in the debate over mental representation. In the paper, one-factor dimensional accounts of representation are analyzed, particularly the case of Fodor's methodological solipsism. In methodological solipsism, semantic properties of content are arguably eliminated in favor of syntactic ones. If “narrow content” means content properties independent of external factors to a system (as in Segal's view), the concept of content becomes elusive. Moreover, important conceptual problems with one-factor dimensional account are pointed out as a result of analysis arguments presented by J. Searle, S. Harnad and T. Burge. Furthermore, these problems are illustrated with psychological and ethological examples. Although understanding content as partially independent from contextual factors allows theorists to preserve content properties, it seems that understanding content in total abstraction from external factors of these properties is implausible. As a result, internalism is rejected in favor of externalism.

11

Watered Down Essences and Elusive Speech Communities: Two Objection Against Putnam's Twin Earth Argument

75%

Hensel W. M., Uniwersytet w Białymstoku

Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris

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2017

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vol. 38 (3)

EN

The paper presents two objections against Putnam’s Twin Earth argument, which was intended to secure semantic externalism. I first claim that Putnam’s reasoning rests on two assumptions and then try to show why these assumptions are contentious. The first objection is that, given what we know about science, it is unlikely that there are any natural-kind terms whose extension is codetermined by a small set of microstructures required by Putnam’s indexical account of extension determination. The second objection is that there may not be a plausible concept of a speech community whose adoption would classify Oscar and Twin Oscar as members of different speech communities and, at the same time, render Oscar and Twin Oscar as being in the same psychological state. I contend that Putnam’s argument fails because both objections are justified.

12

Internalism and Externalism in Speech Act Theory

75%

Harnish R.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2009

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vol. 5

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issue 1

9-31

EN

Internalism (Frege; Searle) and externalism (Putnam 1975; Burge 1979) are related doctrines in the philosophy of language and mind, mostly centered on the role of reference in the individuation of propositions. This debate has recently been extended in speech act theory from content to force. But here the landscape becomes more complicated. It has been recently argued that speech act theory got off the track after Austin by internalizing Austin's "felicity" conditions. In reply it is noted that the issue of internalism and externalism is more nuanced-there are internal and external elements in many theories, and a preliminary categorization is attempted here. Furthermore, internalism also has its virtues, which are largely overlooked, and we attempt to redress that imbalance.

13

„Zewnętrzność” interpretacji. Badanie polityki w ujęciu eksternalistycznym

75%

Pierzchalski F.

Teoria Polityki

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2020

|

vol. 4

61-77

EN

The aim of this paper is a critical reflection on the solipsist approach, which problematizes some detailed considerations within interpretationism. In this sense, solipsism, defined as a research perspective in political science, is a position in which in an uncompromisingly consistent, even “total” way, it refers to subjective and subject-factors and/or determinants of scientific cognition and research of political reality. In the article, the polemic in relation to solipsism will mean the presentation of the aporia’s of solipsism based on externalistic positions related to the arguments proposed by Hilary Putnam and Fred Dretske.

PL

Celem artykułu jest krytyczny namysł nad podejściem solipsystycznym, problematyzującym niektóre szczegółowe rozważania w obrębie interpretacjonizmu. W tym sensie solipsyzm, definiowany jako perspektywa badawcza w nauce o polityce, jest stanowiskiem, w którym w sposób bezkompromisowo konsekwentny, wręcz totalny, odnosi się do subiektywno-podmiotowych czynników i/lub determinant naukowego poznania i badania rzeczywistości politycznej. W artykule polemika w stosunku do solipsyzmu oznaczać będzie przedstawienie aporii solipsyzmu na podstawie ujęcia eksternalistycznego, związanego z argumentacją zaproponowaną przez Hilary’ego Putnama i Freda Dretske.

14

Virtue Epistemology as an Answer to Skeptical Challenge

75%

Karimov A.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2015

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issue 2

203-212

EN

The paper analyzes the strategy of refuting skepticism by virtue epistemology of Ernest Sosa. Responses to skeptical challenge are overviewed. The philosophical and meta-philosophical strategies are outlined. The solution based on distinguishing between reflective knowledge and animal knowledge is considered. The internalist assumptions of skepticism are critically exposed. The notion of web of belief is further used to support an anti-skeptical position. Shane Ryan’s notion of epistemic grace is put forward in defense of the virtue epistemology approach.

15

Nauka jako racjonalna doxa. Józefa Życińskiego koncepcja nauki i filozofii nauki – poza internalizmem i eksternalizmem

71%

Liana Z.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2019

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issue 66

147-199

PL

Philosophical interests of Joseph Życiński (1948-2011) in the domain of the philosophy of science were focused on the debate concerning the nature of science and philosophy of science that followed the Einstein-Planck revolution in science. The unexpected discovery of the philosophical, extra-scientific presuppositions in science, as well as of the extra-rational factors determining the way these presuppositions are accepted in science were to be explained within the meta-scientific framework. It is the aim of this paper to present ˙ Życiński’s diagnosis of this post-revolutionary situation in the philosophy of science as well as his critique of the metascientific answers to this challenge. The reasons will be given why all those answers are put under two dichotomous rubrics of internalism and externalism. It will be also explained how Życiński intends to supersede this false in his opinion opposition with a new concept of the doxatic rationality. However, the details of the metascientific proposal of Życiński will be given only in the subsequent paper. In order to perform the aim of the paper the metatheoretic tools set out by Popper (1979) will be used.

16

Is epistemological reliabilism consistent with grammatical evidentiality and conjunct/ disjunct marking?

66%

Łukasiewicz E.

Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia

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2020

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vol. 20

PL

The paper discusses how evidentiality and conjunct/disjunct marking in grammar are related to reliabilism, a contemporary theory of epistemic justification developed within the Anglo-American analytic tradition. It is assumed that many problems and ideas concerned with theories of knowledge, and with justification of beliefs in particular, which are widely discussed in contemporary philosophical debates, are worth reconsidering in the light of what grammars of natural languages impose on the epistemic agent. Section two explains how the notions of knowledge, belief and justification are understood in the paper. The section also outlines the major problems concerning the internalist justification of beliefs. Section three presents an externalist view on the problem of justification: process reliabilism. The reliabilist theory of justification is set in the context of two grammatical categories: evidentiality and conjunct/disjunct marking (egophoricity). Since the two categories are still little known, section four offers a brief presentation of evidentiality and egophoricity in grammar, illustrated with data from two languages. Finally, section five addresses the problem whether the premises of reliabilism are reconcilable with ‘natural epistemology’ encoded in grammar. The final conclusion says that the externalist premises of reliabilism are certainly not congruent with grammatical evidentiality and evidentialityrelated categories, but they are not logically inconsistent therewith. Furthermore, since the reliabilist program declares interest in ‘folk epistemic practices’, the approach might greatly benefit from what ‘natural epistemology’ tells us about epistemic folk concepts and epistemic practices employed by speakers of diverse world languages.

17

Environmental Virtue Ethics and the Sources of Normativity

63%

Piekarski M.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2020

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vol. 18

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issue 3

29-36

RU

This article is an attempt to identify the sources of normativity in virtue ethics. The starting point for the analyzes presented here is the book by Dominika Dzwonkowska Environmental virtue ethics. In § 1, I present the basic theses and assumptions of this approach to ethics. Then, with reference to the concept of the moral subject proposed by Dzwonkowska, I ask whether it constitutes the primary source of normativity (§ 2). I argue that environmental virtue ethics can be ascribed to arguments shared by supporters of the so-called constitutive arguments in metaethics (§ 3). Their position is based on the recognition that moral norms, obligations, etc., derive from the constitutive features of the subject. I call such an approach internalist and contrast it with the non-internalist approach, the outline of which I propose in § 4. In the Conclusion, I suggest that the pragmatic considerations and conservatism of researchers speak in favor of the internalist approach.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą wskazania źródeł normatywności w etyce cnót. Punktem wyjścia dla prezentowanych tutaj analiz jest książka Dominiki Dzwonkowskiej pt. Etyka cnót środowiskowych. W § 1 przedstawiam podstawowe tezy i założenia tego podejścia do etyki. Następnie odnoszę się do rozumienia podmiotu moralnego zaproponowanego przez Dzwonkowską i zadaję pytanie o to, czy stanowi on właściwe źródło normatywności (§ 2). Wykazuję, że zwolennikom etyki cnót środowiskowych można przypisać argumentację podzielaną przez zwolenników tzw. argumentów konstytutywnych w metaetyce (§ 3). Ich stanowisko opiera się na uznaniu, że moralne normy, zobowiązania itd., wynikają z konstytutywnych cech podmiotu. Takie ujęcie określam mianem internalistycznego i przeciwstawiam je koncepcji eksternalistycznej, której zarys proponuję w § 4. W Zakończeniu. sugeruję, że za stanowiskiem internalistycznym przemawiają względy pragmatyczne i konserwatyzm badaczy.

18

Phenomenology between internalism and externalism. Problem statement

63%

Płotka W.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

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2020

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vol. 56

|

issue S1

187-206

EN

The article is an attempt at establishing a theoretical basis for a dialogue between phenomenology and contemporary philosophy, with regard to the problem of internalism-externalism. It is argued, according to Roman Ingarden, that one has to first of all put forward an adequate question about the problem, to be able to understand it appropriately. Moreover, the analysis is limited to the two forms of the internalism-externalism debate, namely semantics and the philosophy of the mind. Within Husserl’s phenomenology one can easily point to basic intuitions that justify thesis that this philosophy refers to the internalism-externalism problem. Ultimately, by using phenomenological terminology, the article arrives at questions about possible internalism-or-externalism within Husserl’s phenomenological project. The questions, however, suggest that phenomenology can be neither clearly nor completely classified either as internalism or as externalism.

19

Luka eksplanacyjna a pojęcia własności fenomenalnych stanowisko Josepha Levine’a

63%

Schetz A.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

|

2012

|

issue nr 17

125-148

EN

The explanatory gap problem arises in the context of the mind-body relation, and especially the phenomenal concepts-physical concepts relation. It is posed as a question about the method which is appropriate for the reduction of consciousness to physical or neural states of the brain. Therefore it concerns – as the paper suggests – theoretical incapability of naturalistic attempts to explain what phenomenal concepts are about in terms of what physical or natural concepts are about. The paper discusses the argument of Joseph Levine, one of the best-known critics of the reductive attempts to close the explanatory gap. The bottom line of the argument is that since phenomenal concepts are theoretically thick, and physical concepts are theoretically thin, there is no way to reduce the former to the latter.

20

Obiektywność, eksternalizm i sceptycyzm

63%

Kubić A.

Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa

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2015

|

vol. 51

|

issue 2(204)

175-182

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie problematyki obiektywności w sporze między eksternalizmem a internalizmem oraz wykazanie oddziaływania zwrotnego antysceptycznych koncepcji eksternalistów na umocnienie ideału obiektywności. Przedstawione zostaną koncepcje esternalizmu epistemicznego Roberta Nozicka oraz semantycznego Hilarego Putnama i Donalda Davidsona, jak również zarys stanowisk internalistycznych.

EN

The aim of the paper is to show the relevance of objectivity in the dispute between externalism and internalism and to demonstrate how anti-skeptical externalisms approach strengthens the ideal of objectivity. There are presented the positions of Robert Nozick’s epistemic externalism as well as both Hilary Putnam’s and Donald Davidson’s semantic externalism, and also the internalism issues.

Refine search results

Intentional Identity and Coordination

Is AI case that is explainable, intelligible or hopeless?

Transparent Contents and Trivial Inferences

Knowledge about Our Experience and Distinguishing Between Possibilities

How Far we Can Go Without Looking Under the Skin: The Bounds of Cognitive Science

Od skepticizmu k objektívnemu poznaniu

Metalinguistic Value Disagreement

Filosofie a literatura: čtení přes překážky

What Have I Done?

Semantic Internalism Is a Mistake

Watered Down Essences and Elusive Speech Communities: Two Objection Against Putnam's Twin Earth Argument

Internalism and Externalism in Speech Act Theory

„Zewnętrzność” interpretacji. Badanie polityki w ujęciu eksternalistycznym

Virtue Epistemology as an Answer to Skeptical Challenge

Nauka jako racjonalna doxa. Józefa Życińskiego koncepcja nauki i filozofii nauki – poza internalizmem i eksternalizmem

Is epistemological reliabilism consistent with grammatical evidentiality and conjunct/ disjunct marking?

Environmental Virtue Ethics and the Sources of Normativity

Phenomenology between internalism and externalism. Problem statement

Luka eksplanacyjna a pojęcia własności fenomenalnych stanowisko Josepha Levine’a

Obiektywność, eksternalizm i sceptycyzm