The sociocultural and socioeconomic background of pupils is a determinant for their learning process and it has an effect on their learning success and on how easily pupils are able to master the requirements set by school curricula and how they perform on different measuring tasks. This is the reason why we compare in our paper the reading and mathematics results of the National Competence Measurement 2013 with the English and German language results of the secondary school-leaving exams in foreign languages regarding the same pupils. We analyse the data using the SPSS program and we present the results using the MapInfo program. We examine the effects of pupils’ social background, the interactions of different subjects and their regional projections as well. The pupils’ achievements show the same pattern as the development patterns of different geographical areas in Hungary.
Research to date indicates that there is a positive association between the family-based socio-economic status (SES) of students and pupils’ own level of civic knowledge and attitudes toward voting. Many scholars think that social stratification of the electorate may lead to differential political representation of social groups thereby weakening the legitimacy of democracy among the lower social strata who participate least in politics. In this respect, it is often argued that one of the roles of schools is to reduce the difference in civic participation among students coming from families in different social strata. In this vein, this article examines if (a) type of classroom learning operationalised as ‘open classroom climate’ and (b) the socioeconomic composition of the class help to explain differences in students’ level of civic knowledge and attitudes toward voting. The data used in this study comes from the International Citizenship and Civic Education (ICCS) survey of 8th-grade student carried out in 2009. The multilevel modelling results show that the SES of a students’ family does help to explain differences in pupils’ civic knowledge and attitudes toward voting, and this classroom effect is especially strong among low SES students. In contrast, the presence of an open classroom climate has no significant effects on knowledge or attitudes to voting. This article concludes with a discussion of how these findings shape current understanding of how contrasting educational trajectories may have political consequences over the long-term.
This article shows that the factors preventing the breakdown of marriage are a mature personality, the ability to communicate and solve conflicts, religiosity, self-development and the family background. The first element is a mature personality: emotional stability, responsibility, mature motivation and correct hierarchy of values. These characteristics are very important for creating a deep and stable relationship, which is marriage. The next factor is the ability to communicate and solve conflicts. Proper communication allows the spouses to share their experiences, know each other better, build an atmosphere of openness and security, as well as resolve emerging conflicts. Another factor is religiosity. It allows one to create a dialogue with God and another person, as well as a non-egocentric attitude, which places God at the centre of life. A result of this is altruism of the spouse in the life of a married couple. Another factor is the readiness for self-development. Such an attitude does not allow spouses to hide behind their immature mechanisms of defense against weaknesses and mistakes, but tells them to take up the internal work on their liquidation and the result is that the stability of the relationship increases. Finally, the final factor is the family background, which is a natural space for the proper shaping of all previous elements. Thanks to this, people from such families will not manipulate their spouses to achieve their development needs but they will be shown the correct picture of a marriage, which will be the point of reference for creating their own marriage.
Z badań prowadzonych w niektórych krajach wynika, że wybór ścieżki kształcenia może być silniej związany ze zdolnościami uczniów niż z pochodzeniem społecznym. O szansach przechodzenia, czy to do zasadniczej szkoły zawodowej, czy do liceum ogólnokształcącego bardziej decydują wyniki testów psychologicznych niż to, kim byli rodzice. Celem naszej analizy jest ustalenie tego dla Polski. Posługując się danymi z badań panelowych postaramy się stwierdzić, w jakim stopniu zdolności uczniów oddziałują na szanse przechodzenia do szkół średnich i wyższych. Nasze ustalenia wskazują, że niezależnie od pochodzenia społecznego wyższe umiejętności zapewniają więcej szans dostępu do szkół licealnych, najwyżej lokowanych na pierwszym progu selekcji, w porównaniu z technikami i szkołami zawodowymi. Poziom umiejętności jest również istotnym wyznacznikiem szans przechodzenia na studia i różnicuje dostęp do różnych rodzajów uczelni, zapewniając największe szanse podjęcia studiów bezpłatnych w uczelniach państwowych, cieszących się najwyższym prestiżem. Równocześnie, występowanie różnych ścieżek kształcenia jest czynnikiem wzmacniającym bariery selekcji. Absolwenci liceów najczęściej podejmują naukę w uczelniach bezpłatnych, podczas gdy szkoły prowadzone w trybie niestacjonarnym, przyjmujące kandydatów ze słabszymi wynikami i pobierające opłaty, relatywnie częściej przyciągają absolwentów techników.
EN
Research on educational inequalities disclosed that educational choices may be more strongly affected by students’ abilities than by class membership of their fathers. The purpose of this analysis is to establish how these relationships look like in Poland. By using data from panel studies 2014 we attempt to establish to what extent the abilities affect chances of transition to secondary and tertiary schools. According to our findings, higher abilities increase chances of access to lyceums offering general education than to technical secondary and basic vocational schools. The cognitive skills also increase the chances of transition to tertiary education, differentiating access to public universities, which enjoy the highest prestige. Level of cognitive skills is an important determinant of transition to tertiary education and it affects entry to various types of universities, providing the greatest chances of enrolment in freeof-charge public universities. At the same time, our findings confirm that choosing different tracks maintains class divisions in educational career. Graduates of lyceums are more likely to enroll in free-of-charge public universities whereas institutions which offer part-time programs, accept candidates with poorer scores, and charge tuition, are more likely to attract graduates of technical secondary schools.
The aim: The article was created to portray the figure of Prince Ivan Anatolijevich Kurakin. The article attempts to show his closest family, school and university environments, which had an impact on shaping the professional and social interests of the future (in 1915–1917) curator of the Warsaw Scientific District. Methods: In abidance with the principles of biographical and historical research, document analysis was used. The resulting paper is largely based on memories of the St. Petersburg Junior High School teachers and pupils as well as on a selection of published materials on the history of said educational facility. Results: The undertaken research made it possible to capture the family environment of Ivan Kurakin, including, the state of their affluence as well as illustrating his father’s connections with high-ranking members of the St. Petersburg elite. Moreover, some key junior high school teachers were profiled and discussed. Conclusions: The s tudy of the source materials allowed demonstrating the great importance of the family, especially the father, for the career of Ivan Kurakin. The wealthy family home and the father’s connections with high-ranking members of the St. Petersburg elite were both certainly pivotal in facilitating the educational and professional paths of Ivan A. Kurakin and his siblings. Also, undoubtedly, academic and high school teachers were considered influential social groups; thus, they could easily foster the career of the Russian nobleman. Finally, the personal profile of the civil servant and social activist, as well as of his closest associates, prove the great diligence with which the Russian educational authorities would choose candidates for the post of the curator of the Warsaw Scientific District. It was also shown that the Russians, taking high-level positions in the Russian administration in the Kingdom of Poland, would not generally abuse the extraordinary economic privileges they were entitled to.
PL
Cel: Artykuł powstał w celu przedstawienia sylwetki księcia Iwana Anatoljewicza Kurakina. W artykule podjęto próbę ukazania jego najbliższego środowiska rodzinnego, szkolnego i uniwersyteckiego, które miało wpływ na kształtowanie zainteresowań zawodowych i społecznych przyszłego (w latach 1915–1917) kuratora Warszawskiego Okręgu Naukowego. Metody: Zgodnie z zasadami prac badawczych o charakterze biograficzno-historycznym zastosowano analizę dokumentów. Do przygotowania artykułu wykorzystano przede wszystkim wspomnienia nauczycieli i wychowanków gimnazjum petersburskiego, a także opublikowane materiały dotyczące historii Uniwersytetu w Petersburgu. Wyniki: W rezultacie badań było możliwe ukazanie środowiska rodzinnego Iwana Kurakina, jego stanu zamożności oraz koneksji ojca z wysoko postawiony mi członkami petersburskiej elity. Poza tym przybliżono sylwetki znaczniejszych jego nauczycieli gimnazjalnych oraz profesorów uniwersyteckich. Wnioski: Analiza źródeł umożliwiła wykazanie dużego znaczenia rodziny, w szczególności ojca, dla kariery Iwana Kurakina. Zarówno wysoki status społeczny oraz materialny tej rodziny, jak i powiązania ojca z wysokimi rangą członkami elity petersburskiej były czynnikami ułatwiającymi drogę edukacyjną i zawodową Iwana oraz jego rodzeństwa. Nie bez wpływu na awans zawodowy rosyjskiego szlachcica pozostawało środowisko nauczycieli gimnazjalnych oraz akademickich. Zaprezentowana sylwetka urzędnika państwowego i działacza społecznego, jak też wizerunek jego otoczenia świadczą o dużej staranności, z jaką rosyjskie władze oświatowe wybierały kandydatów na stanowisko kuratora Warszawskiego Okręgu Naukowego. Wykazano przy tym, że Rosjanie podejmujący pracę na wysokich szczeblach rosyjskiej administracji w Królestwie Polskim nie zawsze kierowali się nadzwyczajnymi przywilejami ekonomicznymi, jakie im przysługiwały.
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