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Prawa człowieka a prawa rodziny

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EN
Human persons living in a family have universal and indivisible rights that are based on man's inborn dignity. From the philosophical point of view that dignity is a substantial, autonomous and self-defining being. From the legal point of view it is a physical subject. On the other hand, family, from the philosophical point of view, is a sui generis reality – an accidental being. Family is not recognised as a legal subject in the Polish family law or in the new Constitution (of April 2, 1997). In the Chart of Family Rights family is recognised as a subject of law. The Chart does not have a character of a legal document – it does not have a binding legal force – so it can be said that family only is a subject of morality and not of law. However, in the Pact of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights family is recognised as a subject of law. A two-plane relationship occurs here. The foundation of the rights of a human person is his inborn dignity, whereas the rights of family members are the foundation of family rights. They are not collective human rights but the rights of another subject, that is of family. Family has social, freedom and solidarity rights with corresponding correlative duties.
EN
The Church, aware of the fact that marriage and the family are one of the most valuable goods of mankind, and at the same time noticing the threats and hazards to them coming from the state legislation and various institutions, places marriage and the family in the centre of its attention. By its legislation and persistent teaching, the Church wants to show their origin, nature, character, purpose, qualities, importance and value as well as to offer help to marriage and the family in the fulfillment of their tasks and vocation. Through its instruction and teaching the Church wants to take an explicit stance towards various unfavorable or inimical forces and systems aimed against marriage and the family, reminding with power and strength about the values, principles and ideas of marriage and the family. At the same time the Church perceives marriage and the family as a subject of its own rights, which the state, consisting of a multiplicity of families, has to correctly interpret, acknowledge and protect. Hence the Church encourages the state to protect and help the marriages and families, encouraging it also to create such a social-economic-cultural system and such legal and system protection, in which the rights of marriage and family will be fully respected. Thanks to the energetic activity of the Holy See in the field of researches on the problems of contemporary family, the ground is being prepared for a complete and comprehensive picture of the rights of marriage and the family; the beginning and a sample of this was given in the exhortation Familiaris consortio of John Paul II, which on the foundation of the teaching of the Second Vatican Council and the Code of Canon Law, clearly demarcates the direction of the Church's stipulations for the code of family rights. The Church holds deeply at heart the defense and protection of the fundamental and essential rights of marriage and the family. It can be said that the Gospel of marriage and the family, which is propagated by the Church and offered by it to the world and Europe, gives marriage and the family an unchangeable position and dynamism, showing the necessity for assistance and service on the part of the state, society and the Church itself. The objective of that teaching is welfare and proper development of marriages as such and at the same time it provides a full view of the rights of marriage and the family including their spiritual and personal dimension. Marriage and the family are consequently presented as subjects of rights both in the Church and the state, by virtue of their own and inalienable natural right to existence, proper functioning and realization of vocation, tasks and development. The problem is how induce Europe and the world to voluntarily accept and implement the teaching, vision, rights and values, which are propagated by the Church with reference to marriage and the family.
PL
Kościół, świadomy tego, że małżeństwo i rodzina są jednym z najcenniejszych dóbr ludzkości, a jednocześnie dostrzega zagrożenia pochodzące ze strony ustawodawstwa państwa i różnych instytucji. W ustawodawstwem i  nauczaniu, Kościół chce pokazać ich pochodzenie, cel, cechy , znaczenie i wartość jaką posiada rodzina oraz zaoferować pomoc dla małżeństwa i rodziny w wypełnianiu swojego zadania i powołania. Przez nauczanie Kościoła chce podjąć wyraźne stanowisko wobec różnych niekorzystnych lub wrogich sił i systemów mających wpływ ma małżeństwa i rodziny, przypominając z mocą i siłą o wartości, zasad jakie posiada ta "instytucja" społeczna.
EN
The Author reflects on the position of the family in these acts as fundamental for society, the state, the community and institutions. The Charter of Family Rights is the only document of its kind that presents a universal model, a prototypical structure, a model to be taken into account in undertaking work on pro-family legislation and a family policy based on its foundation. It is important to emphasize the axiological and ethical nature of the Charter, which refers to an awareness of the truth about the human being in the context of its occurrence in the Charter; the rights presented in the Charter are expressed with an awareness of who the human being is. Both in a legal sense and in a moral sense, the rights of the family are presented in the Charter in such a way that their natural and universal character is consequently brought out and emphasized. The family has not been given legal subjectivity in the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland, but it is a subject of legal protection, and Article 71 over-cautiously guarantees that the state in its social and economic policies takes into account the good of the family, which has not been precisely defined. By emphasizing the subjectivity of the family, its rank and high place in the hierarchy of values, and its important social functions, the Charter sets out for society and the state an attitude towards the family corresponding to the value of the family and its importance. There is no reference in the Polish Constitution either to any deeper truth about man or the family. The approach to man presented therein is vague. Man appears here as a human being, a citizen, a Polish citizen. The following phrases are used: each, everybody, nobody. The term “person” often appears in the Constitution, but only as a synonym for the terms “individual.” It would be in vain to look for a definition of family in positive Polish law, both at the level of ordinary legislation and at the level of the Constitution. Traces of the Charter’s influence can be found in the Constitution with regard to the treatment of certain family rights. The Constitution states that “the inherent and inalienable dignity of the human being is the source of human and civil liberties and rights,” and alongside liberties and rights there are also duties, these have, as a rule, only pragmatic references. Consequently, freedom and duties in the Constitution do not appear in the sense we associate with the philosophical understanding of the relationship between freedom and responsibility on the basis of personalist thinking. Man has various forms of cognition: sensory, intellectual, discursive and intuitive. The actions of each human being, if fully conscious and free, involve the totality of the person. This applies to the mental life as well as to the life related to the bio-psycho-social and spiritual planes. It seems that mental-intellectual cognition detached from the foundation as a subject is suspended in a void. In contrast to the Charter, the Polish Constitution defines neither the values, nor the place and importance, and the role of the family in the life of society. Indeed, I am aware that the Constitution is always a creation of compromise.
PL
Autor podejmuje refleksję na temat ujęcia pozycji rodziny w tych aktach jako fundamentalnych dla społeczeństwa, państwa, wspólnoty i instytucji. Karta Praw Rodziny jako jedyny tego rodzaju dokument prezentuje uniwersalny model, prototypową konstrukcję, wzór, który należy uwzględnić przy podejmowaniu pracy nad prorodzinnym ustawodawstwem i nad opartą na jego fundamencie polityką rodzinną. Podkreślić należy aksjologiczny i etyczny charakter Karty, która odwołuje się do świadomości prawdy o człowieku w kontekście występowania jej w Karcie; przedstawione w Karcie prawa są wyrażone ze świadomością kim jest człowiek. Zarówno w znaczeniu prawnym, jak i moralnym prawa rodziny przedstawiono w Karcie w taki sposób, że w konsekwencji wydobyto z nich i zaakcentowano ich naturalny i uniwersalny charakter. Rodzina w Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 1997 r. nie uzyskała podmiotowości prawnej, lecz jest podmiotem ochrony prawnej, a art. 71 nader ostrożnie gwarantuje, iż państwo w polityce społecznej i gospodarczej uwzględnia dobro rodziny, które nie zostało precyzyjnie dookreślone. Karta akcentując podmiotowość rodziny, jej rangę i wysokie miejsce w hierarchii wartości, jej ważne funkcje społeczne – wyznacza społeczeństwu i państwu stosunek do rodziny odpowiadający wartości rodziny i jej znaczeniu. W Konstytucji RP nie ma żadnego odniesienia ani do jakiejś głębszej prawdy o człowieku, ani o rodzinie. Zaprezentowane w niej podejście do człowieka jest ogólnikowe. Występuje on tu jako człowiek, obywatel, obywatel polski. Używa się zwrotów: każdy, wszyscy, nikt. Nierzadko co prawda pojawia się w Konstytucji RP termin osoba, ale wyłącznie jako synonim terminów jednostka, osobnik. Próżno by szukać definicji rodziny w pozytywnym prawie polskim, tak na poziomie ustawodawstwa zwykłego, jak i na poziomie Konstytucji RP. Można oczywiście znaleźć w Konstytucji RP ślady wpływu Karty w zakresie ujęcia niektórych praw rodziny. W Konstytucji RP stwierdza się, że „przyrodzona i niezbywalna godność człowieka stanowi źródło wolności i praw człowieka i obywatela”, a obok wolności i praw występują tu również obowiązki, to mają one odniesienia z zasady wyłącznie pragmatyczne. W konsekwencji wolność i obowiązki w Konstytucji RP nie występują w znaczeniu, jakie łączymy z filozoficznym pojmowaniem powiązań między wolnością i odpowiedzialnością na gruncie myślenia personalistycznego. Człowiek dysponuje różnymi formami poznania: zmysłowego, intelektualnego, dyskursywnego i intuicyjnego. Działania każdego człowieka, jeśli są w pełni świadome i wolne, angażują całość jego osoby. Dotyczy to życia zarówno umysłowego, jak i życia związanego z płaszczyzną bio-psycho-społeczną i duchową. Wydaje się, że poznanie umysłowo-intelektualne oderwane od fundamentu jako podmiotu zawieszone jest w próżni. W odróżnieniu od Karty Konstytucja RP nie określa ani wartości, ani miejsca i znaczenia, ani roli rodziny w życiu społeczeństwa. Mam świadomość, że Konstytucja RP jest zawsze dziełem kompromisu.
EN
The subject of the article is the justification of the thesis that the differentiation of the legal situation of parents on the basis of the Act on the Large Family Card, who have established a family with at least three children violates the constitutional principle of equality before the law. On the one hand some parents are entitled to use the card without any time limit, and on the other hand there is a group of parents who also have large families, but are totally deprived of the right. According to the author of the article, the diversity does not represent any constitutionally protected value and the discrimination occurs due to the unlimited duration of the right to own the Card by eligible parents. The result of the above, as well as the fourth (another) child’s right to the Card depending on holding the Card by the parent, is discriminatory for the children born as the fourth (next) child in the family. The article is also an attempt to answer the question which way would be the best to remove the above-mentioned discrimination thus making it most coherent with the objective and content of the analyzed regulation.
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