Search results

1

Expensive and cheap funds – Polish stock mutual fund fees in 2017

100%

Fraś A.

Nauki o Finansach

|

2018

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issue vol. 23 no. 4

38-49

EN

Mutual fund fees are extraordinarily high in Poland – almost three times higher than in Western Europe and almost five times higher than in the United States. In fact is that from among 183 Polish open-ended stock mutual funds as many as 81 impose a management fee of 4%, which is the highest value in the sample. The question arises whether it is really worth to invest in funds from the more expensive group. Comparing funds charging the highest fees (4%) with the cheaper ones it seems that there is no statistically significant difference between rate of return, risk and efficiency. However, more expensive funds have on average higher costs, are three years older and have almost 70% bigger assets. This may suggest that a well-established market position – not performance – is the trigger for raising their fees. Interestingly, funds with a relatively high minimal initial contribution level (5,000 PLN) have significantly lower management fees with similar costs, total assets value and performance results. Further analysis has also indicated that the costs level (Total Expense Ratio) is higher for older funds, while it is not related to funds’ size.

2

Opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi

100%

Anna B., Ewa K.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

|

2014

|

issue 8

PL

Ustawa o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach wprowadza w sprawie gospodarowania odpadami komunalnymi trzy kategorie opłat. Są to opłaty ustalane w drodze umowy, decyzji i uchwały. Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka opłaty ustalanej w formie uchwały, gdyż budzi ona wiele kontrowersji. Regulacje dotyczące tej opłaty były przedmiotem postępowania przed Trybunałem Konstytucyjnym.

EN

he act on maintaining cleanliness and order in municipalities introduces three categories of fees regarding the management of waste. These are the fees established by way of contract, decision, and resolution. The purpose of this paper is description of fees based on the form of the resolution because of its controversy. In fact, regulations concerning the fees were the subject of proceedings before the Constitutional Court.

3

Do large Polish cities substitute their own-source revenues with fees and user charges?

100%

Będzieszak M.

Journal of Management and Financial Sciences

|

2019

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issue 39

43-59

EN

This paper aims to assess if large Polish cities use fees and user charges to substitute other own-source revenues. The analysis has been conducted on a panel of 65 large cities in Poland in the period of 2004-2015. Using OLS and fixed effect panel analysis, it has been proved that cities pursue their policy in order to maximize their revenues, which is in line with the Leviathan theory assuming that public authorities maximize public revenues. Additionally, using the normalization quotient mapping, it has been confirmed that cities do not change their revenue policy in terms of taxes vs. fees and user charges trade-offs.

4

Investment funds – returns, risk and fees dependencies in Poland and UK in 2015

100%

Fraś A.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

|

2018

|

issue 519

63-76

EN

Common phenomenon is the positive relation between risk level and return. Investor would also expect that the higher the mutual fund fee, the more active is the management, so risk is increased. Then, as a payoff for higher charges and risk, he or she anticipates higher returns. It turns out that at least in Poland in 2015 rates of return did not go up as risk increased, and most risky funds lagged by 5 pp. in rates of return. Most expensive funds in Poland lost 8 pp. versus the cheapest, whereas in UK top-fees funds’ returns were 2 pp. lower.

5

Analiza propozycji zmiany art. 35 ust. 1 ustawy z 28 lipca 2005 r. o kosztach sądowych w sprawach cywilnych poprzez obliczanie opłaty stosunkowej, pobieranej w sprawach z zakresu prawa pracy i ubezpieczeń społecznych, w których wartość przedmiotu sporu przewyższa kwotę 50 000 zł, od nadwyżki tej kwoty

100%

Kościelny P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2017

|

issue 4(56)

126-131

EN

In the opinion it was stressed that the current statute does not use a progressive method, which reflects in a better way the relationship between the employee’s financial situation and the extent of burdens related to the proceedings. Secondly, the demarcation sum set at PLN 50,000 has not been synchronized with rules determining the value of the claim. After an analysis the author concludes that the solution proposed in the petition could be taken into account in the development of an amendment to the current regulation.

6

Fees Paid in Civil Cases in the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland (Until 1876)

100%

Pomianowski P. Z.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

|

2018

|

vol. 28

|

issue 2 English Online Version

69-79

EN

The article concerns costs borne by parties to court cases in the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland (until the unification of the Polish judiciary with the Russian system in the 1870s). Litigation costs included: court fees, attorneys’ and experts’ fees, travel expenses incurred by the parties and other persons whose appearance was necessary, daily allowances for the parties, witnesses and court officers, and costs of correspondence (delivered by court officers). The most important costs were the court fees, which were paid using stamped paper. The author focused on the content of three acts which comprehensively regulated the collection of stamp duty (acts of 1809, 1811 and 1863). In property litigations, the amount of stamp duty depended on the value of the disputed subject matter, while it had a regressive character (the bigger the claim, the lower the fees). However, in cases concerning non-financial claims, the fee depended on the affluence of the parties or was set as a lump sum.

7

Is There a Link between User Charges and Expenditures on Public Kindergartens in Poland?

89%

Będzieszak M.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

|

2020

|

vol. 54

|

issue 4

EN

The aim of this article is to assess the link between user charges and expenditures on the service on the example of public kindergartens in Poland. The rationale behind the paper is that implementation of user charges for public service results in efficient use of resources and leads to the passing-on of expenditure increase to consumers. To achieve the aim, three methods were used, namely weighed-least-squares, fixed effect and random effect method. The empirical analysis based on a panel data set for 65 large Polish cities in the years 2012–2018 showed that about 10–25% of an expenditure increase is passed on to consumers in terms of higher user charge. Moreover, user charge financing has a significant negative effect on the unit cost. An increase in the share of user charges in expenditures by 10 pp causes a decrease in expenditure at the level of 2.5–50%.

PL

The aim of this article is to assess the link between user charges and expenditures on the service on the example of public kindergartens in Poland. The rationale behind the paper is that implementation of user charges for public service results in effiient use of resources and leads to the passing-on of expenditure increase to consumers. To achieve the aim, three methods were used, namely weighed-least-squares, fixed effect and random effect method. The empirical analysis based on a panel data set for 65 large Polish cities in the years 2012–2018 showed that about 10–25% of an expenditure increase is passed on to consumers in terms of higher user charge. Moreover, user charge financing has a significant negative effect on the unit cost. An increase in the share of user charges in expenditures by 10 pp causes a decrease in expenditure at the level of 2.5–5.0%.

8

The relation between management fees and the mutual funds` performance in Poland in 2015

88%

Fraś A.

Oeconomia Copernicana

|

2018

|

vol. 9

|

issue 2

245-259

EN

Research background: The investor`s expectation of better performance in the case of more expensive mutual funds seems natural and fully justified. However, the rise of passive funds and their surprisingly good results, especially when taking into account their low fees, triggered the discussion. Recent years have brought more and more studies, conducted mostly for the American market, discrediting high-charging, aggressive funds. First analyses in Poland also indicate that the level of fees is not always linked with the fund's performance. Purpose of the article: The purpose of the study is to investigate the relation between the fees imposed by the mutual funds and the funds` performance. The idea is to verify, whether higher management fees are associated with top performance and whether it is rational to pay more for capital management. Methods: In the first step of the study, linearity and direction of the dependency was explored, using scatterplots and correlation analysis. In the second part, the linear regression was created to verify the strength of the relation. One-factor models have been built with the rate of return and standard deviation as independent variables for 1-, 3- and 5-year time horizons. Moreover, two-factor models, including both rate of return and risk has been created, to compare the significance of return and risk factor. Findings & Value added: The results indicated that more expensive Polish mutual funds in 2015 tended to perform worse in all tested time horizons - both in terms of lower rates of return and higher risk. Especially unexpected are the results of rates of return regression analysis - it turns out that within a sample 1% higher fee implied over 0.6% lower rate of return before fees (in yearly period). Nonetheless, the risk turned out to be more important, explaining the charges variability much better than the rate of return. Another interesting finding of the study is that merely two simple factors (return and risk) explain even as much as 60% of the management fee variability.

9

Propozycje zmian w otoczeniu regulacyjnym Banku Gospodarstwa Krajowego w zakresie ponoszenia obciążeń publicznoprawnych

75%

Skuza S.

Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne

|

2015

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vol. 2(22)

205-213

EN

The Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego is the example of specific financial institution in the Polish financial system. The Bank is the state-owned bank within the meaning of the Banking Law Act with the simultaneous solutions lex specialis as defined in the Banking Law Act. The purpose of this article is to point out the specific requirements in the field of the functioning of the Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego, mainly in the context of ensuring financial stability. In the article the author takes on trying to prove the thesis that the statutory aim of the Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego and statutory security mechanisms of stability are sufficient grounds to change some acts for incurring public burden by the Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego and its investors.

10

Finansowe skutki gospodarowania przestrzenią Krakowa

75%

Harańczyk A., Musiał-Malago M., Jopek D.

Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN

|

2014

|

issue 157

105-122

EN

The main objective of the article is to depict the financial aspects of the urban area development. The paper is divided into two major parts. The first one in theory presents legal determinants to provide the city budget with income from real estate management, and the financial results for adopting implementing rules concerned the city master plans. The second empirical part contains the analysis of the land development and spatial – landscaping transformations in Cracow. The authors also studied the real estate financial city reports in the marginal years available for research 2005–2010.

11

Fees and user charges in large Polish cities

75%

Będzieszak M.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

|

2013

|

issue 4(54)

105-117

EN

The aim of this article is to identify the role of fees and user charges in the budgets of large cities (cities with county status) and policies of these entities in this regard. To achieve this goal, the article reviews the research on the importance of fees and user charges in local government finance, and analyses the role of fees and user charges in large cities finances in Poland from 2006 to 2012. The study confirms the global trend observable in different countries, i.e. the increasing importance of revenues from fees and user charges to local government budgets. Secondly, the relative size of revenues from fees and user charges in large cities in Poland are evening out. Thirdly, there are two key areas in terms of service charges: public transport and housing management.

PL

Celem artykułu jest celu określenie roli opłat w budżetach dużych miast (miast na prawach powiatów) i polityki tych podmiotów w tym zakresie. Aby osiągnąć ten cel, w artykule dokonano przeglądu badań dotyczących znaczenia opłat w finansach samorządowych oraz przeprowadzono analizę roli opłat w finansach dużych miast w Polsce w latach 2006–2012. Przeprowadzone badania empiryczne potwierdzają globalny trend, zauważalny w różnych krajach, tj. rosnące znaczenie dochodów opłat do budżetów samorządowych. Po drugie, występuje tendencja do wyrównywania relatywnej wysokości dochodów z opłat w dużych miastach w Polsce. Po trzecie, istnieją dwa obszary istotne z punktu widzenia opłat za usługi: komunikacja miejska i gospodarka mieszkaniowa.

12

Opłaty za przelewy transgraniczne w Unii Europejskiej - odejście Komisji Europejskiej w kontekście nowelizacji rozporządzenia (WE) nr 924/2009 w odniesieniu do niektórych opłat za płatności transgraniczne w Unii

63%

Gałązka P.

Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego

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2019

|

issue 8

2-6

EN

The aim of the article is to analyse the European Union regulations regarding fees for cross-border payments in the EU. In particular, the subject of the analysis is the draft proposal to amend Regulation (EC) No. 924/2009, including the description of the legislative process on it, as well as the potential effects of new regulations introducing the obligation to standardise fees for cross-border transfers in euro with fees for domestic transfers in a given national currency (both in and outside the euro area) for consumers and payment institutions.

PL

Celem artykułu jest analiza regulacji Unii Europejskiej dotyczących opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w UE. Przedmiotem analiz jest w szczególności treść projektu nowelizacji rozporządzenia (WE) nr 924/2009 wraz z opisem przebiegu procesu legislacyjnego nad nim, a także potencjalne skutki nowych regulacji wprowadzających obowiązek ujednolicenia opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w euro z opłatami za przelewy krajowe w danej walucie narodowej (zarówno w strefie euro, jak i poza nią) dla konsumentów i instytucji płatniczych.

13

Ewolucja w regulacji opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w Unii Europejskiej (od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku do wprowadzenia waluty euro)

63%

Gałązka P.

Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego

|

2019

|

issue 2

33-37

EN

The article analyses the approach of the European Union institutions to the need to harmonize, integrate and regulate payment systems and fees for cross-border transfers in the EU. The subject of the analysis are documents published by the institutions of the European Communities and later the European Union in the period from the early nineties of the twentieth century until the implementation of the euro at the beginning of 2002. They constitute - also today - the axiological foundations of the European legislators in relation to the rapidly growing payments market in the EU. Particularly important are the issues of the need to ensure uniform rules and fees in the context of the implementation of the single currency in euro area countries and create conditions for the undisturbed development of the market between these Member States.

PL

Artykuł analizuje podejście instytucji unijnych do potrzeby harmonizacji, integracji i regulacji systemów płatniczych i opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w Unii Europejskiej. Przedmiotem analiz są dokumenty publikowane przez instytucje Wspólnot Europejskich, a później Unii Europejskiej w okresie od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku do momentu wdrożenia waluty euro z początkiem roku 2002. Taka analiza jest tym bardziej istotna, że stanowi ona obecnie podstawy aksjologiczne do podejmowania dalszych inicjatyw legislatora europejskiego w odniesieniu do szybko rozwijającego się rynku płatności w UE. Szczególnie istotne są kwestie potrzeby zapewnienia jednolitych zasad i opłat w kontekście wdrożenia wspólnej waluty w poszczególnych państwach strefy euro i stworzenia warunków do niezaburzonego rozwoju rynku pomiędzy tymi państwami.

14

Issue of Valuation and Payment of Fees, Charges and Restitution Costs of the Forest Ecosystem Used for Road Projects

63%

Januszewski D., Łaguna T. M., Osiecka A.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

|

2012

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vol. 7

|

issue 2

273-287

EN

This paper presents the issues related to the fees paid by entities for exclusion of a forest from production. Forests and forest lands are covered by statutory protection against change in use for purposes other than forest. The government has introduced fees and yearly charges for which the method of computation is included in the Act on Protection of Agricultural and Forest Lands (Act of 3 February 1995 on protection of agricultural and forest lands, Dz.U. of 2004 No. 121, item 1266). The total fees include a one-time fee, yearly charges and compensation for the early felling of standing timber if it has not reached felling age. The problem of valuation of the statutory fee, once-only fee, the year fees, compensation for early felling of standing timber and the problem of possible ecosystem restitution costs are all analysed in this work. The study also aimed at determining the amounts of fees and charges paid by a private entity for exclusion of 1 ha of forest land from production.A case study covering 1 ha of riparian forest excluded from production permanently was used as the method of study. The amounts of fees and charges due for exclusion of the forest from production and the costs of ecosystem restitution were computed. The study showed that the fees and charges imposed by the government do not satisfy the criterion of equivalency according to the principle that "the user pays" because of the omission of the costs of restoring the ecosystem.

15

Czy tylko podatki i opłaty? O odpłatności danin publicznych. Analiza prawnoporównawcza

63%

Gryziak B.

Doradztwo Podatkowe Biuletyn Instytutu Studiów Podatkowych

|

2021

|

vol. 5(297)

25-36

EN

In principle, in Poland the fees are differentiated from taxes because they are requited (i.e. charged as a consideration for public services). The taxes, on the contrary, are not linked to any specific provision of public services. However, more detailed analysis demonstrates difficulties with classification of some fees. The problem derives inter alia from charging fees under conditions which put in doubt their requited character. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both the nature of public services financ ed with compulsory levies (either divisible or indivisible services) and the scope of persons who are charged the levies need to be taken into consideration. As the result the third, hybrid charge emerges: although it is charged in order to finance indivisible services (like taxes), it is charged to (at least deemed) beneficiaries of such services (like fees). In Poland, the hybrid charge is applied more and more often. Nevertheless, it poses formidable risks to the protection of stakeholders’ rights.

PL

Ogólna zasada rozgraniczenia podatków i opłat nie budzi w polskiej doktrynie wątpliwości i opiera się na kryterium odpłatności: daniny nieodpłatne stanowić mają podatki, daniny odpłatne – opłaty. Jest to podział o charakterze dychotomicznym (daniny inne niż podatki i opłaty wyodrębniane są według kryteriów innych niż odpłatność). Bliższa analiza napotyka jednak trudności, które wynikają m.in. z występowania w obrocie prawnym opłat o dyskusyjnej odpłatności. Analiza porównawcza wskazuje, że kiedy ocenia się odpłatność daniny publicznej, należy rozważyć nie tylko wąsko rozumiane świadczenie zwrotne, lecz także charakter finansowanej usługi publicznej (niepodzielna albo podzielna) oraz krąg podmiotów obciążonych daną daniną. Z tej perspektywy wyróżnić można nie dwie, lecz trzy formy danin, tj. obok podatku i opłaty wyodrębnić należy daninę hybrydową, która łączy w sobie finansowanie usługi podzielnej o niepodzielnym charakterze (cecha podatku) z zawężeniem kręgu podmiotowego do jej beneficjentów (cecha opłaty). Jest to forma daniny o coraz częstszym zastosowaniu w Polsce, lecz wiążą się z nią istotne zagrożenia dla praw majątkowych interes ariuszy

16

Koszty funkcjonowania otwartych funduszy emerytalnych w Polsce

63%

Niżnik J.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia

|

2016

|

vol. 50

|

issue 4

EN

The aim of this paper is to present and to evaluate fees charges to members of the open pension funds. The first part offers a brief summary of the overall structure of the state fees system, identifying elements of charges construction and changes caused by legislation. The second part focuses on the structure and the size of charges, consisting in fees paid as percentages of contribution, fees levied on the value of the assets of the open pension funds, and also underlines the strong correlation between the costs and the assets of the OPF and the financial results of the pension funds societies.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i ocena kosztów ponoszonych przez członków otwartych funduszy emerytalnych. Scharakteryzowano rozwiązania legislacyjne dotyczące możliwości pobierania opłat od ubezpieczonych, zwracając uwagę na zmiany ich wielkości wywołane nowelizacjami ustaw. Ukazano wpływ rozwiązań prawnych na wielkość i strukturę poszczególnych rodzajów kosztów ponoszonych przez OFE, wskazano na korelacje między kosztami a aktywami netto OFE i wyniki finansowe PTE.

17

Ecological Fees and Taxes in Poland and the New Eurostat Interpretation

63%

Małecki P. P.

Argumenta Oeconomica Cracoviensia

|

2015

|

issue 12

85-101

EN

This article tackles the issue of ecological fees and taxes in force in Poland in light of the new Eurostat interpretation. This is a consequence of the entry into force of new European Union rules, which oblige Member States to establish uniform reporting in this regard. Linked to this is the need to define and analyse the fees and taxes in force in Poland in terms of their compliance with the new rules, and to classify the various financial instruments (taxes, fees, etc.) as belonging to the ecological group. The author reviews and compares these instruments’ definitions with the new Eurostat interpretation on the basis of Polish and foreign literature. The result is a juxtaposition of the ecological fees and taxes in force in Poland under the new Eurostat interpretation as well as a brief description of them.

PL

W artykule podjęto zagadnienie opłat i podatków ekologicznych obowiązujących w Polsce w świetle nowych interpretacji Eurostatu. Są one konsekwencją wejścia w życie nowych regulacji Unii Europejskiej, które wprowadzają obowiązek tworzenia jednolitej sprawozdawczości w tym zakresie dla krajów członkowskich. Wiąże się z tym konieczność przeanalizowania, uznawanych w literaturze przedmiotu za ekologiczne, opłat i podatków obowiązujących w Polsce pod kątem zgodności z nowymi zasadami. Chodzi przede wszystkim o ich definiowanie, jak też zaliczanie poszczególnych instrumentów finansowych (podatków, opłat itp.) do grupy ekologicznych. W artykule dokonano przeglądu i porównania definicji tych instrumentów w polskiej i zagranicznej literaturze z nowymi interpretacjami Eurostatu. W efekcie przedstawiono zestawienie podatków i opłat ekologicznych obowiązujących w Polsce zgodnie z wykładnią Eurostatu oraz zaprezentowano ich krótką charakterystykę.

18

Charakterystyka prawno-podatkowa opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi i jej opodatkowanie podatkiem od towarów i usług

51%

Kubista B.

Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska

|

2021

|

issue 2/2021

1-13

EN

The article deals with the subject of the municipal waste management fee, including the structural elements of the fee and the rules of its collection. The author also qualifies the fee as a public levy and assesses whether it is closer to a fee in the constitutional sense, or a tax. The article also refers to the issue of tax consequences of the fee in the tax on goods and services.

RU

В статье рассматривается проблематика сбора за управление коммунальными отходами, составные элементы сбора и правила его взимания. В статье также квалифицируется сбор как государственная дань и оценивается, ближе ли он к оплате в трактовке конституции или все-таки к налогу. В статье также рассматривается вопрос налоговое бремя сбора в виде налога на товары и услуги.

IT

L’articolo tratta il tema della tassa per la gestione dei rifiuti urbani, compresi gli elementi strutturali della tassa e le regole della sua raccolta. L’articolo qualifica anche la tassa come un prelievo pubblico e valuta se è più vicino alla tassa nel senso costituzionale, o una tassa. L’articolo si riferisce anche alla questione delle conseguenze fiscali di un’imposta sui beni e servizi.

PL

Artykuł porusza tematykę opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi, w tym elementy konstrukcyjne opłaty oraz zasady jej poboru. W artykule dokonano również kwalifikacji opłaty jako daniny publicznej oraz oceny, czy bliżej jej do opłaty w rozumieniu konstytucyjnym, czy jednak podatku. Artykuł odnosi się również do kwestii skutków podatkowych opłaty w podatku od towarów i usług.

Refine search results

Expensive and cheap funds – Polish stock mutual fund fees in 2017

Opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi

Do large Polish cities substitute their own-source revenues with fees and user charges?

Investment funds – returns, risk and fees dependencies in Poland and UK in 2015

Fees Paid in Civil Cases in the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Poland (Until 1876)

Is There a Link between User Charges and Expenditures on Public Kindergartens in Poland?

The relation between management fees and the mutual funds` performance in Poland in 2015

Propozycje zmian w otoczeniu regulacyjnym Banku Gospodarstwa Krajowego w zakresie ponoszenia obciążeń publicznoprawnych

Finansowe skutki gospodarowania przestrzenią Krakowa

Fees and user charges in large Polish cities

Opłaty za przelewy transgraniczne w Unii Europejskiej - odejście Komisji Europejskiej w kontekście nowelizacji rozporządzenia (WE) nr 924/2009 w odniesieniu do niektórych opłat za płatności transgraniczne w Unii

Ewolucja w regulacji opłat za przelewy transgraniczne w Unii Europejskiej (od początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku do wprowadzenia waluty euro)

Issue of Valuation and Payment of Fees, Charges and Restitution Costs of the Forest Ecosystem Used for Road Projects

Czy tylko podatki i opłaty? O odpłatności danin publicznych. Analiza prawnoporównawcza

Koszty funkcjonowania otwartych funduszy emerytalnych w Polsce

Ecological Fees and Taxes in Poland and the New Eurostat Interpretation

Charakterystyka prawno-podatkowa opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi i jej opodatkowanie podatkiem od towarów i usług