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EN
Mineral wool is widely used for thermal and sound insulation. The subject of the study is to identify hazards for employees resulting from exposure to mineral wool, when it is used to insulate buildings, and to assess the risk arising from this exposure. When installing mineral wool insulation, respirable mineral fibers, dust, and volatile organic compounds may pose a hazard at workplaces. Based on the results of concentration measurements, it was assessed that the probability of adverse health effects related to the work of insulation installers, resulting from exposure to mineral wool fibers, is low, but for dust associated with exposure, an average health risk was estimated. An additional threat may be the sensitizing effect of substances used as binders and additives improving the utility properties of mineral wool, for example, phenol formaldehyde resins. The paper also contains some information on the labeling of mineral wool; this is very important because the label allows downstream users to recognize mineral wools, the composition and properties of which cause that they are not classified as carcinogens.
EN
In 2011, an archaeological supervision was carried out in the town of Łowicz, related to construction works. In the course of works, a small number of artefacts was found, dated to the late Middle Ages and the early modern period. The most interesting find is a group of 9 temple rings deposited in the excavation unit no. III, upon which organic remains of textile products were found. The discovered decorative artefacts are temple rings representing the type III according to the classification by K. Musianowicz or the variant B according to the classification by H. Kóčkę-Krenz. The textile remains have been preserved in residual form on six out of nine temple rings. These are small fragments of threads and remains of mineralized fibres. On four artefacts, both thread and fibre parts were visible. All thread fragments were produced of plant fibre, most probably, the universally employed linen. The threads are Z-twisted, the twist being very weak. The state of preservation of other fibres surviving on the surface of the temple rings was too poor to enable detailed technological analyses. The described temple rings were most probably originally deposited in a grave that was destroyed in unknown circumstances. It can be stated that the textile evidence does not differ from other finds of this type from the discussed period.
PL
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EN
Background The aim of the study was to assess the ability of natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic fibers to transport microbial particles. Material and Methods The simultaneously settled dust and aerosol sampling was carried out in 3 industrial facilities processing natural (cotton, silk, flax, hemp), synthetic (polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene) and semi-synthetic (viscose) fibrous materials; 2 stables where horses and sheep were bred; 4 homes where dogs or cats were kept and 1 zoo lion pavilion. All samples were laboratory analyzed for their microbiological purity. The isolated strains were qualitatively identified. To identify the structure and arrangement of fibers that may support transport of microbial particles, a scanning electron microscopy analysis was performed. Results Both settled and airborne fibers transported analogous microorganisms. All synthetic, semi-synthetic and silk fibers, present as separated threads with smooth surface, were free from microbial contamination. Natural fibers with loose packing and rough surface (e.g., wool, horse hair), sheaf packing and septated surface (e.g., flax, hemp) or present as twisted ribbons with corrugated surface (cotton) were able to carry up to 9×10⁵ cfu/g aerobic bacteria, 3.4×10⁴ cfu/g anaerobic bacteria and 6.3×10⁴ cfu/g of fungi, including pathogenic strains classified by Directive 2000/54/EC in hazard group 2. Conclusions As plant and animal fibers are contaminated with a significant number of microorganisms, including pathogens, all of them should be mechanically eliminated from the environment. In factories, if the manufacturing process allows, they should be replaced by synthetic or semi-synthetic fibers. To avoid unwanted exposure to harmful microbial agents on fibers, the containment measures that efficiently limit their presence and dissemination in both occupational and non-occupational environments should be introduced. Med Pr 2015;66(4):511–523
PL
Wstęp Celem badania była ocena możliwości transportu cząstek biologicznych przez naturalne, syntetyczne i sztuczne włókna. Materiał i metody Równoczesne pobieranie próbek pyłu osiadłego i aerozolu włóknistego przeprowadzono w 3 zakładach przetwarzających naturalne (bawełna, jedwab, len, konopie), syntetyczne (poliakrylonitrylowe, poliamidowe, polipropylenowe, poliestrowe) i sztuczne (wiskozowe) materiały włókniste; w 2 stajniach, gdzie hodowano konie i owce; w 4 domach, w których mieszkały psy i koty, oraz w 1 pawilonie zoologicznym dla lwów. Wszystkie próbki włókien analizowano laboratoryjnie, żeby określić stopień ich mikrobiologicznego zanieczyszczenia. Wyizolowane szczepy były identyfikowane jakościowo. W celu rozpoznania naturalnego upakowania i struktury badanych włókien, które mogą wspomagać transport cząstek biologicznych, przeprowadzono ich analizę skaningowymi mikroskopami elektronowymi. Wyniki Zarówno osiadłe, jak i zawieszone w powietrzu włókna transportowały takie same szczepy drobnoustrojów. Wszystkie włókna syntetyczne, sztuczne oraz włókna jedwabiu, które występują w środowisku jako osobne nici o gładkiej powierzchni, były wolne od zanieczyszczeń mikrobiologicznych. Naturalne włókna o luźnym upakowaniu i szorstkiej strukturze (np. runo owcy, sierść konia), o snopkowym upakowaniu i septowanej powierzchni (np. len, konopie) lub skręconych wstęgach i pofałdowanej strukturze (bawełna) transportowały do 9×10⁵ jtk/g bakterii tlenowych, 3,4×10⁴ jtk/g bakterii beztlenowych i 6,3×10⁴ jtk/g grzybów, w tym patogenów klasyfikowanych przez Dyrektywę 2000/54/WE w 2. grupie zagrożenia. Wnioski Ponieważ roślinne i zwierzęce włókna są zanieczyszczone znaczącą liczbą drobnoustrojów, w tym patogenów, powinny być mechanicznie eliminowane ze środowiska. Jeśli proces technologiczny na to pozwala, w zakładach pracy powinny być zastępowane włóknami syntetycznymi lub sztucznymi. W celu uniknięcia niepożądanej ekspozycji na szkodliwe czynniki mikrobiologiczne na włóknach zarówno w środowisku pracy, jak i poza nim powinny być wprowadzane środki techniczne, które wydajnie ograniczają obecność tych czynników. Med. Pr. 2015;66(4):511–523
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