Search results

1

Diversity of Irony panel - International Cognitive Linguistics Conference – 14 (ICLC14)

100%

Tabacaru S.

The European Journal of Humour Research

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2017

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vol. 5

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issue 3

EN

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2

How do preschool children justify the use of figurative language. Data from research with irony comprehension task

100%

Banasik-Jemielniak N., Bokus B.

Psychologia Wychowawcza

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2019

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vol. 57(15)

7-37

EN

The aim of the described study was to check how preschool children justify using ironic statements. In the Irony Comprehension Task adopted for examining young children, the participants were asked to explain the use of six examples of verbal irony. There were 231 participants – 77 four-year-olds, 89 five-year-olds and 65 six-year-olds. The data revealed that with increasing age, children are more likely to indicate the duality of ironic statements. Younger children stop at noticing a dissonance between literal and intended meaning, whereas six-year-olds refer also to the inner states of the story’s main character or they introduce interesting metalinguistic explanations.

3

Dry or picturesque? The use of figurative language in Israeli supreme court verdicts

100%

Kayam O., Galily Y.

Human Affairs

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2014

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vol. 24

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issue 2

269-280

EN

The legal language of lawyers and judges is generally dry and factual but an examination of the rulings of Israeli Supreme Court justices shows that at least some of them use very picturesque speech to support their positions. This paper describes the use of figurative language as employed by Israeli Supreme Court justices in their writing of verdicts. Examples of the use of metaphors, metonymy, word play, imagery, oxymorons, parables and allegory are cited and discussed.

4

Прецедентні феномени у поетичному лінгвосвіті Юрія Андруховича: функційно-типологійні характеристики

100%

Тєлєжкіна О.

Studia Linguistica

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2017

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issue 36

135-145

EN

The aim of the paper is to show how auditory sensations are metaphorically construed in the Polish language. In the empirical part three Polish sound lexemes have been analysed based on the Polish National Corpus: dźwięk, odgłos and hałas. According to the corpus data three main metaphors could be determined depending on figurative verbs with which the lexemes cooccur: SOUND AS A MOVING ENTITY, SOUND AS AN ENEMY, SOUND AS AN INITIATOR OF A PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTION. In the theoretical part an account of the nature of the auditory perception as well as semantic considerations are provided which should be viewed as a discussion with a slight alternative approach to auditory perception in Polish proposed by Piotr Kładoczny.

5

Idiom Processing in Aphasic Patients

100%

Morawski M.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2009

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vol. 45

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issue 2

245-260

EN

The aim of the present paper is to provide insight into the issue of idiom comprehension in patients who are in the process of recovery from the syndrome of aphasia. Research in figurative language comprehension has seen a robust development in the recent decades. However, it has not been until quite recently that psycholinguists began to delve into the aspect of metaphorical language comprehension in brain damaged populations. It was observed that even though the ability to produce and understand language is recovered in the majority of patients with head trauma, the impairment of some aspects of comprehension may protract. The understanding of idioms, metaphors, similes and proverbs, due to their specific, non-literal character, has been evidenced to pose a serious problem to aphasic patients, as they fail to decipher the figurative meaning of the utterance, and, instead, tend to process the message literally (Papagno et al. 2004). In the present study, three patients who suffered from aphasic disorder were tested for comprehension of idioms by means of two multiple choice tasks. The obtained results corroborated the hypothesis that patients who are in the process of recovery from aphasia encounter various pitfalls in the comprehension of idiomatic language. Predominantly, they exhibit an inclination to choose the erroneous, literal paraphrases of the presented idioms over their correct, idiomatic counterparts. The present paper aims at accounting for the reasons underlying such a tendency.

6

Metaphoric Expressions in Business Communication

88%

Jendrych E.

Lingwistyka Stosowana / Applied Linguistics / Angewandte Linguistik

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2017

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issue 21

39-53

EN

Figurative language has always been used in business communication, with metaphoric expressions being its most representative and frequent elements. Metaphor is defined as a transference of the literal meaning of a word into another context, which means that one thing is described in terms of some other thing (M. Long/ J. Richards 1999), e.g. time is money, cash cow, sleeping beauty. It is the notion of either comparison or resemblance that creates the basis for metaphor – instead of the literal meaning of a word or expression native language users can easily produce a metaphoric expression and understand its figurative meaning. Metaphors are culture-specific and they reveal patterns of thought that are characteristic of individuals and of groups (G. Lakoff/ M. Johnson 1980). Business English metaphors can, and indeed do, reflect the values, beliefs and norms that prevail in the language of business communication in English-speaking countries and in many global companies in which English is a lingua franca. Figurative expressions are frequently found to be the preferred way of conveying meaning and business communicators tend to use metaphoric expressions both in written and spoken discourse. In this study popular standard business metaphors were excerpted by hand from three dictionaries: Cambridge Business English Dictionary and Thesaurus, Longman Business English Dictionary (2007), and Oxford Collocations Dictionary (2008). It was arbitrarily assumed that the inclusion of a metaphor into one or more of these dictionaries suggests that it is considered to be a standard (‘dead’) business metaphor. The excerpted metaphors were classified (1) formally, i.e. according to the structure of a given metaphor and (2) semantically, i.e. according to the concept which underlies a given metaphor. The paper also gives examples of ‘living’ (novel) business metaphors excerpted from a small, and therefore not representative, research corpus of articles published in “The Wall Street Journal” on 25 February 2015. The aim of the presented examples of metaphors is to demonstrate how easily novel metaphors can be created. Then, the paper discusses the functions and characteristics of popular metaphors used in typical business situations. Finally, it identifies some of the challenges in metaphor understanding and metaphor usage faced by non-native speakers of business English.

7

New Lexical and Phraseological Faunal Units in the Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw from a Cross-Linguistic Polish-English Perspective

88%

Szerszunowicz J.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2021

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issue 20

91-106

EN

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the new Polish faunal lexical and phraseological units from a cross-linguistic perspective. The research corpus is compiled on the basis of Obserwatorium Językowe Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego (the Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw) – an online source containing the items which are in use and which have not been included in dictionaries so far. The English equivalents allocated for these units are analysed and divided into four groups: quasi-absolute, partial, parallel and zero counterparts.

8

Język figuratywny w przestrzeni edukacyjnej

88%

Sala-Suszyńska J.

Społeczeństwo i Edukacja. Międzynarodowe Studia Humanistyczne

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2017

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issue 2(25)

147-154

EN

Figurative language has been the subject of interdisciplinary research for ages. It is considered by philosophers, linguists, as well as psychologists and pedagogues. The forms of figurative languages include for example., metaphors, proverbs, phrasemes and oxymorons. The metaphoric language is deeply in human’ experience and it is used unconsciously in everyday situations. Lakoff and Johnson (1988) stress that metaphors are a showcase for man: “Show me your metaphors, and I tell you who you are”. This quote very well highlights the omnipresence of the metaphorical language in human life. The article discusses the notion of figurative language and its forms. Moreover, the subject of the description is three the most popular forms of metaphorical language: metaphor, proverb and phraseological. In addition, the problem of figurative language in school education is emphasized at every level of education.

9

Conventional periphrases of anthroponyms from a contrastive perspective (on the example of Polish periphrastic expressions and their Croatian equivalents)

87%

Szerszunowicz J., Vidović Bolt I.

Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne

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2018

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issue 15

PL

The focal issue of the present paper is the conventional periphrasis as an object of contrastive research. Such expressions may have different cross-linguistic equivalents, including full, partial, parallel and zero counterparts. The present paper aims to discuss Polish periphrastic expressions and their Croatian equivalents in order to determine and analyze the relations between the units in question. The Polish units (165) are lexicographically attested, while their Croatian counterparts have been determined on the basis of dictionaries, corpora and interviews with native speakers of the Croatian language. The conventional periphrasis have not been researched from this perspective and the results may be useful for Polish-Croatian lexicography. The study shows that zero equivalents constitute the biggest group (91), followed by full equivalents (61) with significantly less numerous groups of partial and parallel counterparts (respectively: 5 and 8).

10

Conceptualisations of anger in English idioms. An analysis based on the extended conceptual metaphor theory

75%

Dobiášová S.

Forum for Contemporary Issues in Language and Literature

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2021

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issue 2

19-35

EN

The article combines the approach to idiom classification according to Langlotz (2006) and the recently suggested analytical framework for figurative language analysis known under the name of the Extended Conceptual Metaphorical Theory (Kovecses 2020). The aim of the article is to identify some of the conceptual pathways of ANGER idioms in English. The analysis of 37 idioms for expressing ANGER revealed that both metaphorical (e.g. go through/hit the root) and metonymic (e.g. make someone's hackles rise) motivations play a crucial role in the transparency of the idiomatic meaning. It was also concluded that three image schemas in particular play a crucial role in metaphorical idioms for expressing the concept of ANGER in English: ACTIVITY IS MOTIO N, INTENSITY OF ACTIVITY IS HEAT and ANGER IS HEAT. However, contrary to the HEAT element, which is particularly salient in linguistic metaphors for expressing ANGER (e.g. kindle the wrath), it is the MOTION element which plays the crucial role in the conceptualizations of ANGER in idioms in English (e.g. go through/hit the roof, flip the lid, fly off the handle).

11

Eesti rahvussport – suurtest narratiividest variatiivse ja humoorika/iroonilise rahvaretoorikani

75%

Voolaid P.

Mäetagused

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2017

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vol. 69

109-132

EN

The paper focuses on the usage of phrases connected to both the serious and humorous representation of (new) Estonian national sports in Estonian online media in the past few years. I suggest to differentiate between official/formal/serious and unofficial/informal/humorous fields of sport, where at one end of the scale there are sports that are based on long historical, cultural, and geographical traditions (wrestling, cross-country skiing, etc.), in which Estonian sportsmen have received international recognition and which have always attracted a big number of amateurs, professionals, and fans. At the other end, there are those “pseudo-sports” that are, above all, expressions of folk creativity; these appear as elements of linguistic-folkloric communication. Within this discourse, a new national sport may be throwing oneself in front of a moving car, picking mushrooms, cursing politicians, laying off workers, spotting speeders in unmarked police vehicles, drinking oneself to death, etc. These are used to bring out the local, stereotypical features of the nation. The tendency of linking specific fields of sport to the ethnic dimension is motivated by the mechanisms of identity creation. At the same time, it points to the cultural importance of sports. Such ironic rhetoric may have a universal dimension. The purpose of the article is to describe and explain these fields of meaning, focusing on the variations and humorous aspects in the data. Sports as such loses its significance in the process and the emotional, stereotype-based and self-ironical point of view prevails. The source data of this study were collected by employing various methods and study environments. The main source comprises 250 responses to a short questionnaire carried out in spring 2017 via forms or handwritten pages. The main result of the analysis reveals how differently Estonians feel about the national sport of their country. The variegated palette of opinions from the responses received pursuant to the survey plan is enriched by the usage traditions established via Internet media. Statistically it is possible to determine the most popular sport among serious or humorous sport disciplines, but there will most likely never be consensus about a favourite sport. Any attempts to forcefully establish a discipline of this kind are clearly useless. In rhetorical discourse the conjuring up of new elements is the aim. Here the general denomination of the ‘national sport of Estonia’ works as a cliché that is constantly being reloaded with new and humorous subject matter in compliance with new socio-cultural conditions. Ethnic self-ridicule becomes a source of abundant improvisation. The favourites in ironic discourse are armchair sport, going to the sauna, and consuming alcohol. Negative addictive behaviour (be it drinking, being a workaholic, violating traffic regulations or something else) stands out as a separate sub-form of national sport. Negative forms of communication (being jealous of your neighbour, intolerance of others, etc.) and personal characteristics that are considered to be stereotypically ethnic (desperation, worrying, bearing a grudge) form an independent subgroup of ethnic self-ridicule. At the same time, there are also neutral (sometimes even positive) activities among humorous elements, such as seasonal activities, e.g. mushrooming and photographing icicles. The great variety of the cliché “The national sport of Estonia is...”, which is so relevant and popular, is testament to the potential of the linguistic creative processes of Estonians, accompanied by playful and entertaining goals driven by joy and merriment.

12

Values behind Metaphors. Figurative Speech in the Discourse of a “Language Crisis”

63%

Vainik E., Paulsen G.

Półrocznik Językoznawczy Tertium

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2023

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vol. 8

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issue 1

22-51

PL

Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje oparte na wartościach badanie figur stylistycznych określających język i jego standaryzację. Materiał zaczerpnęliśmy z debaty dotyczącej modernizacji norm językowych, która miała miejsce w estońskich mediach publicznych w latach 2020-2022 i osiągnęła punkt, który można nazwać kryzysowym. Debata odbywała się głównie w formie tekstów opiniotwórczych, wyrażających subiektywną perspektywę autorów. W jej trakcie uwidoczniły się dwa przeciwstawne poglądy na kwestie języka i planowania językowego, reprezentujące liberalny i konserwatywny model wartości. Niniejsze badanie koncentruje się na wzajemnym oddziaływaniu wartości i wzorców myślenia figuratywnego, ponieważ metafory były szeroko stosowane w celu wzmocnienia argumentów obu stron. Oparte na założeniach teoretyczno-metodologicznych teorii metafory konceptualnej, ram figuratywnych, analizy scenariuszy metaforycznych, systemowej lingwistyki funkcjonalnej i krytycznej analizy dyskursu badanie ujawniło, że przeciwne strony sporu faworyzowały określone metafory podczas dyskusji o języku. Jako kwestię poboczną poruszamy również dynamikę stosunków politycznych, która uwidacznia się poprzez dyskurs dotyczący kryzysu językowego.

EN

This study is a values-driven approach to figures of speech, depicting language and its standardisation. We explore a discourse about the modernisation of linguistic norms that took place in Estonian public media in 2020–2022 and reached the point of being labelled a crisis. The debate took place mostly in the form of opinion-writing texts, expressing the writers’ subjective perspectives. During the discussions, two parties with different outlooks on language and language planning issues emerged, representing the dichotomy of liberal and conservative value models. The focus of the study is on the interplay between values and patterns of figurative thought, as metaphors were extensively used to strengthen the arguments of both sides. The analysis, based on the theoretical-methodological means of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Figurative Framing, Metaphor Scenario Analysis, Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, revealed that the opposing parties favoured certain metaphors when depicting language. As a side issue, we also address the dynamics of power relations through the language crisis discourse.

13

Tauromaquia en traducción: Motivación fraseológica y estrategias traductológicas (español-checo)

63%

Rubio E. G.

Linguistica Pragensia

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2016

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vol. 26

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issue 1

48-60

EN

This paper studies, from a cognitive perspective, the translation into Czech of 225 Spanish Phraseological Units (PhU) with their origins in the Spanish bullfighting culture. In particular, the relations between these PhU (based on specific Spanish symbols or frames) and the decisions taken by the translator for the goal text (identical idioms, equivalent idioms, calques, paraphrasing…) are systematically analysed.

ES

El presente artículo estudia, desde una perspectiva cognitiva, la traducción al checo de 225 unidades fraseológicas (UF) españolas con origen en la tauromaquia. Concretamente, se analiza de forma sistemática la relación entre estas UF con origen en símbolos (o basadas en frames) específicamente españoles con las decisiones tomadas por los traductores para los textos meta: UF idéntica, UF equivalente, calco fraseológico, paráfrasis, etc.

14

Figures de style et lobbying

63%

Marchal C.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica

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2023

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vol. 18

45-54

EN

This article discusses the analysis of argumentative persuasion and figurative language in a discourse related to lobbying. To be convincing to their interlocutors, lobbying uses linguistic techniques to serve their interests. For its part, public opinion uses these same language techniques to denounce lobbying activities. These language techniques include persuasion and figurative language. They aim to gild, criticise, or tone down the discourse, depending on the issuer’s perspective. This also makes it possible to characterise, on the one hand, the social culture of a specific geographical area and, on the other hand, the role of the lobby in this society as well as the public image that it reflects. It is in this perspective of argumentativeness that the article offers a report of these discursive strategies through scientific and media writings, such as blogs and dedicated websites on lobbying.

FR

Le présent article aborde l’analyse de la persuasion argumentative et de la figuralité dans le discours en rapport avec le lobbying. Pour être convaincant face à leurs interlocuteurs, le lobbying utilise des techniques linguistiques afin de servir leurs intérêts. De son côté, l’opinion publique se sert de ces mêmes techniques langagières afin de dénoncer les activités du lobbying. Ces techniques langagières sont la persuasion et la figuralité, et elles ont pour objectif d’embellir, de critiquer ou d’atténuer le discours, en fonction de la perspective de l’émetteur. Cela permet aussi de caractériser, d’une part, la culture sociale d’une zone géographique déterminée, et de l’autre, le rôle du lobby dans cette société et l’image publique que ce dernier renvoie. C’est dans cette optique d’argumentativité que l’article offre une approche de ces stratégies discursives, par le biais d’écrits scientifiques et médiatiques.

15

'Metabasis': kilka słów o apostrofie

51%

Ryczek W.

Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej

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2016

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vol. 22: Warunkiem trwałości jest przemiana. Parafrazy, kontynuacje i aluzje literackie

27-51

EN

The main aim of the paper is to make some remarks on apostrophe (aversio), its figurative nature and discursive functions. The figure of rhetorical address to some person other than judge has many affinities with other linguistic or stylistic devices, for instance exclamation, a rhetorical question, animation, personification, aposiopesis, prosopopoeia. As a rhetorical aversion it remains always involved in a communicative context. Using many modes of figuration, apostrophe conveniently gives the poet an opportunity to modulate his poetic voice. Then, it seems to be a mark of invested passion or sublime poetry. The considerations on apostrophe are concentrated on three issues: forms and meanings of this figure in rhetorical tradition (Quintilian, Górski, Keckermann, Stanisław Kostka Potocki, Euzebiusz Słowacki), idea of apostrophe as a central figure of post-Enlightenment poetry (Jonathan Culler), and its role in a poetic invocation (for example of Jan Kochanowski’s Latin ode to Henryk Walezy and stanza addressed to ‘Heavenly Muse’ in Torquato Tasso and Piotr Kochanowski).

16

Theoretical Background and Methodology of Senior Preschoolers’ Enlargement of the Vocabulary by Means of Phraseological Units

51%

Mysan I.

Signum Temporis

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2015

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vol. 7

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issue 1

30-36

EN

The article deals with the problem of preschoolers’ development of speech by means of phraseological units. It reveals their importance for children’s mental development, in particular emphasises that the most striking verges of the child’s language are reflected in its means of expression, that is, in phraseology. They make the language varied, expressive, emotional, vivid, figurative, deepen its ethno-cultural identity; offered are the results of the analysis of children’s speech on listening and use of phraseological units in oral speech. By taking into account the data on specific features of perception, understanding and use of phraseological units in the statements of children are represented the methods of work on phraseology in kindergarten based on the following assumptions: on timely and methodically correct implementation of work on phraseological units will depend speech and mental development of the preschool children because at this age, they begin to comprehend figurative meanings of words and master the process of meanings changing. In addition, at this age period, the child’s vocabulary is sufficiently formed to acquire the wealth and national characteristics of the native language, as well as expressive and aesthetic functions that perform phraseological units. Methodic contains and reveals its components such as: principles, goals, objectives, contents, methods, organisational forms and means of enlarging the vocabulary (impressive and expressive) with phraseological expressions.

17

Synestezja jako forma języka figuratywnego. Rozważania o synestezyjnych asocjacjach Vladimira Nabokova

45%

Ginter A.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Linguistica Rossica

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2018

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issue 15

179-190

EN

The main goals of the article are to present the place of synaesthesia among the other devices of figurative language and to show diversity of synaesthetic associations in Vladimir Nabokov’s prose. As it has been proved, a key notion for understanding the mechanism and functioning of figures, such as synaesthesia, metaphor and metonymy, is that of conceptual conflict. The presence or absence of conceptual conflict underpins the distinction between living and conventional figures, as well as metonymy and hypallage.What is more, the distinction between metaphor and metonymy is based on the way they deal with conflict. In turn, interpretation of conceptual conflict may lead to understanding the mechanism of a synaesthetic association and the author’s strategy. The examples of Nabokov’s synaesthetic expressions show that metonymy and synaesthesia may be both present in a text and that they interact. However, it is worth underlying, that in literary texts synaesthesia may also coexist with hypallage and similes involving sensory lexemes, as it was observed on the examples of Nabokov’s prose.

PL

Głównym celem dyskusji podjętej w niniejszym artykule jest określenie miejsca, jakie synestezja zajmuje wśród innych środków języka figuratywnego oraz zaprezentowanie różnorodności asocjacji synestezyjnych w prozie Vladimira Nabokova. Jak to zostało dowiedzione, pojęciem kluczowym w zrozumieniu mechanizmu powstawania i funkcjonowania form języka figuratywnego, takich jak synestezja, metafora i metonimia, jest pojęcie konfliktu konceptualnego. Obecność lub brak konfliktu decydują o zakwalifikowaniu danego wyrażenia do kategorii form żywych lub konwencjonalnych oraz do metonimii lub form określanych jako hypallage. Co więcej, różnice między metaforą i metonimią dotyczą sposobu, w jaki formy te ‘radzą sobie’ z konfliktem pojęciowym. Z kolei interpretacja sprzeczności konceptualnej może prowadzić do wyjaśnienia mechanizmu asocjacji synestezyjnych i strategii autorskich. Przykłady wyrażeń synestezyjnych Nabokova świadczą o tym, że synestezja i metonimia mogą wchodzić w interakcje. Warto jednak podkreślić, że w tekście literackim synestezja współistnieje również z takimi formami zawierającym określenia sensoryczne, jak hypallage i porównanie, co zostało wykazane na przykładach z opowiadań i powieści Nabokova.

Refine search results

Diversity of Irony panel - International Cognitive Linguistics Conference – 14 (ICLC14)

How do preschool children justify the use of figurative language. Data from research with irony comprehension task

Dry or picturesque? The use of figurative language in Israeli supreme court verdicts

Прецедентні феномени у поетичному лінгвосвіті Юрія Андруховича: функційно-типологійні характеристики

Idiom Processing in Aphasic Patients

Metaphoric Expressions in Business Communication

New Lexical and Phraseological Faunal Units in the Language Observatory of the University of Warsaw from a Cross-Linguistic Polish-English Perspective

Język figuratywny w przestrzeni edukacyjnej

Conventional periphrases of anthroponyms from a contrastive perspective (on the example of Polish periphrastic expressions and their Croatian equivalents)

Conceptualisations of anger in English idioms. An analysis based on the extended conceptual metaphor theory

Eesti rahvussport – suurtest narratiividest variatiivse ja humoorika/iroonilise rahvaretoorikani

Values behind Metaphors. Figurative Speech in the Discourse of a “Language Crisis”

Tauromaquia en traducción: Motivación fraseológica y estrategias traductológicas (español-checo)

Figures de style et lobbying

'Metabasis': kilka słów o apostrofie

Theoretical Background and Methodology of Senior Preschoolers’ Enlargement of the Vocabulary by Means of Phraseological Units

Synestezja jako forma języka figuratywnego. Rozważania o synestezyjnych asocjacjach Vladimira Nabokova