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EN
The Archive of Roman Catholic St. Kate’s Parish in Dzierzgoń has been adopted by the Elbląg Diocese’s Archive. There have been retained 165 archival unites from years 1524–1945 and 13 certificates’ books from years 1714–1946. The archives in Dzierzgoń provide valuable historic information about the Dzierzgoń town and the local places, especially about the religious, social, economic life and the confessional and lay education. A particular meaning have documents related to the local Franciscans Reformers’ Monastery.
EN
Michał Witkowski’s novel Drwal (The woodcutter) shows various approaches to the subject of sexuality, what seems particularly inspiring, cognitively valuable and important from the perspective of this article is corporeality connected with elements related to money and finances, which are based on an integral, inseparable connection of two – seemingly not directly related – areas: sex and finances. For the novel’s protagonists, these two areas are inextricably complementing each other. The goal of this article is to examine and interpret the images of sexuality related to the sphere of finances presented by Witkowski, to understand their functions, to consider the consequences of combining these two areas, and to analyze the relationship between erotica relationship with the financial sphere and the uneroticizing of human sexuality. Thus the aim of this text is to verify whether the sexuality described in the novel is devoid of eroticism. Further, the paper discuse the manner of presenting these approaches to sexuality. The article also considerate the language of showing this specific approach to sexuality and reflection on its implications.
XX
The solutions contained in the bill serve to implement the assumptions of the Polish Deal Programme, ensuring adjustment of the local self-government finance system to the challenges faced by local governments as a result of implementing the solutions of the Programme. The author points out the legislative shortcomings that can be removed at further stages of legislative proceedings.
EN
In determining the correct procedure for ratification of Council Decision 2020/2053, the author has analysed the provisions of Polish law and European Union law. In the author’s opinion, on the basis of the Council Decision there is no transfer of powers of state authorities within the meaning of Article 90 of the Constitution. Therefore, in Polish conditions this will mean the requirement of the application of the so-called “large” ratification, referred to in Article 89 para. 1 of the Constitution. Such a solution is supported both by the substantive content of the provisions contained in Council Decision 2020/2053, the previous practice of ratifying Council Decisions on the system of own resources of the EU, as well as the order to apply a “pro-EU” interpretation.
EN
The main aim of the article is to analyse the activities of the Polish government in the field of issuing green bonds. The authors attempted, on the basis of qualitative research (research desk, interview), to indicate the basic objectives and results of activities conducive to environmental protection, as well as to indicate the possibilities of developing financial instruments in the area of green finance.
PL
Units of territorial government have limited financial possibilities to carry out tasks.If they want to meet the demands of the local community and to improve the level of attractivenessof the area occupied by them, they have to use repayable sources of financing. In order to protectthemselves from a liquidity crisis, units should analyze their financial situation very carefully andevaluate financial safety while making decisions. Incurring debts by local governments is regulatedmainly by the law. A legislator introduced various limits concerning running up a debt in generallyapplicable regulations. The Public Finance Act of 2009 changed the regulations. An individual debtratio for local government units was introduced. The new limit came into effect in 2014. The aim ofthe article is an attempt to present legal conditions influencing debt management of a communeand the analysis of financial results based on the conditions as well as the level of indebtedness oflocal governments of communes between 2009 and 2014. The elaboration indicates causes,sources and directions of using repayable sources of financing on a given area. The article usesconventional research methods, i.e. the analysis of the subject literature, legal acts and comparativeanalysis of the level of basic budgetary categories influencing the level of commune indebtedness.The comparison was carried out on communes in Poland, the Mazovia province and thesubregion of Ostrołęka-Siedlce with the division into rural, urban and urban-rural communes.
EN
The article retraces the contradictions between the regulations and the practices shaping Romanian party membership in order to show why and how membership decline became an electoral-driven strategy. It contrasts high membership figures, the dynamics of legal definitions of party membership, and party routines. The results indicate that the Romanian example is an atypical case of incongruence between organisational configurations and party models of ‘constitutionalisation’. The frailty of party organisations in this post-communist country depends not only on the broken linkages between state and society but also on exogenous factors, such as the anti-corruption campaign and opportunistic intraparty agreements. The study uses a qualitative content analysis of party laws, party statutes, official statements, and desk research.
EN
Demographic changes have an impact on the economic situation of all West European countries. Aging of the population and falling fertility rates are challenges that every government on the continent must deal with. The analysis was based on data concerning demographic situation in Germany. It is the most populous country of the European Union, which has been struggling with crucial demographic changes for several decades. The German government has an active pro-family policy, which mainly aims to increase the number of births. Yet, according to forecasts, the population of Germany will decrease, reaching 80% of the population of 2012 by 2060. The purpose of this paper is to examine the causes of demographic changes in Germany, their effects on the public finances, and the potential effects of the implementation of measures to neutralize the unwanted economic phenomena. The main conclusion is that the public finances of Germany will have to cope with new demographic situation, which may involve the need to further reform the pension system, develop a comprehensive family policy, and the activization of the elderly.
EN
The banking market is an extremely important part of the economy of each country, whose main task is to trade in financial resources. Therefore, it cannot remain unattended, which exercises the Financial Supervision Commission. Due to the huge role of supervision over the banking market, this article will be devoted to describing its operation. The aim of the elaboration will be to present and explain what supervision is, how it differs from control, what are the foundations of the activities of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, what are its goals, tasks and scope of activity. The question of what instruments of influence the Commission is entitled to will also be taken into account.
EN
The European Court of Auditors (ECA) is an institution that controls the finances of the European Union. The ECA examines all the revenues and expenditures of the European Union, it presents the European Parliament and the European Council with the declaration of assurance, as well as with the declaration of legality and compliance of related transactions. In his article, the author discusses the ECA’s annual report for the budget year 2012, focusing on the policy related to agriculture and development of rural areas, which is the field that receives the largest financial support.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy odbioru przez ZWZ-AK środków finansowych przysyłanych wraz ze zrzutami lotniczymi. W tekście skupiam się na dynamice procesu przerzutu pieniędzy dla konspiracji w kraju oraz uwarunkowań odbioru środków finansowych przez ZWZ-AK. Podejmuję się także próby oceny wartości nabywczej środków przysłanych Polskiemu Państwu Podziemnemu, jak również procederu wymiany obcych walut na czarnym rynku oraz zakrojonej na szeroką skalę akcji fałszowania i wysyłania do kraju złotych okupacyjnych. The article describes the receipt of airdropped financial means by the Union of Armed Struggle–Home Army (ZWZ-AK). I focus mainly on the dynamics of the process of airdropping for the Polish Underground State and the circumstances of receipt of those money by the ZWZ-AK. I also attempt to assess both the purchasing power of money sent to the Polish Underground State, and foreign currency trading on the black market, together with a broadscale action of forging occupation money and sending it to Poland under the occupation.
EN
A review of the specialist literature and analysis of own study results reveal that a scale of the phenomena of undeclared work is both globally and locally significant and differentiated. Comparative research for the entire geographical area is difficult, as these are countries with very diverse economies. This was due to historical conditions, dynamic of socio-political changes and ties with other political alliances, membership in organizations and economic partnerships. The aim of the empirical research was to identify the financial aspects of undertaking work in the grey zone from the workers point of view. The study target group were chosen from unemployed registered at the Municipal Employment Office in Płock, Mazovia Region. Results show that the unemployed turn to undeclared work for financial reasons, such as higher reimbursement, unsatisfactory income or excessively high social insurance contributions. Respondents assessed their financial situation most often as bad, and indicated difficulties in finding work through registered employment. People who undertake work in a grey zone are predominantly those from low income groups, socially excluded, migrants, long time unemployed.
EN
Fraud is a serious problem in the world, which often implies huge financial losses. The risk of fraud which is committed in companies is often considered insignificant and no preventive measures are taken which would minimize the possibility of its occurrence. Often, companies also do not have any tools which would allow quick detection of fraud and its perpetrators. Recent years, however, have seen a growing interest among entrepreneurs in implementing an independent and objective internal audit, which is the basis for good management. The aim of this article is to present the nature and role of internal audit in detecting various types of fraud in enterprises and to indicate its growing role in the risk management process. The article discusses the basic issues related to fraud in enterprises. Particular attention is paid to highlighting the importance of the risk management process in the internal audit activity.
PL
Nadużycia stanowią na świecie poważny problem, który implikuje często ogromne straty finansowe. Ryzyko oszustwa, które popełniane są w przedsiębiorstwach często jest uznawane za mało istotne i nie są stosowane żadne środki zapobiegawcze, które zminimalizowałyby możliwość jego wystąpienia. Często również firmy nie posiadają żadnych narzędzi, które pozwoliłoby na szybkie wykrycie nadużyć oraz jego sprawców. W ostatnich latach jednak, rośnie wśród przedsiębiorców zainteresowanie wdrożeniem niezależnego i obiektywnego audytu wewnętrznego, który jest podstawą dobrego zarządzania. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie istoty i roli audytu wewnętrznego w wykrywaniu różnego rodzaju nadużyć w przedsiębiorstwach oraz wskazanie jego rosnącej roli w procesie zarządzania ryzykiem. W artykule omówiono podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące nadużyć w przedsiębiorstwach. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wyeksponowanie znaczenia procesu zarządzania ryzykiem w działalności audytu wewnętrznego.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor zajmuje się problematyką ochrony prawnej interesów finansowych Wspólnot zapewnia art. 280 Traktatu ustanawiającego Wspólnotę Europejską (TWE), który stał się podstawą wydania bardziej szczegółowych przepisów. Zgodnie z art. 280 obowiązek zwalczania oszustw i innych nielegalnych działań godzących w interesy finansowe Wspólnoty, spoczywa zarówno na Wspólnocie, jak i na państwach członkowskich.
EN
In this article, the author deals with the issues of legal protection of the Communities' financial interests. 280 of the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC), which became the basis for issuing more detailed regulations. According to Art. 280 the responsibility of combating fraud and other illegal activities affecting the financial interests of the Community lies both with the Community and with the Member States.
PL
“Mister Automobile” and failures of interdisciplinary approach. Some remarks on interdisciplinary studies and criteria followed in evaluating scholarly journals. Regarding Łukasz Żurek’s paper on knightly orders (Summary)This review article offers the analysis of Łukasz Żurek’s three articles on the Teutonic state’s political system and the monetary policy it conducted, as well as on the Templars’ economic activity. Although published in journals registered on the ministerial list of scored journals, the articles fail to meet basic scholarly standards. The analysis of these articles has led the author to indicate two problems faced by Polish science today. First, in addition to relying on purely formal criteria, the ministerial evaluation of scholarly journals must take into account the scholarly level of the papers that have recently been published in the pages of the journals evaluated. Second, the author points to some dangers that lie in the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach by scholars who are not well-trained in the use of various research techniques typifying different disciplines.
PL
Na przykładzie klubu piłkarskiego Legia Warszawa dokonano szerokiej analizy błędu popeł­nionego w zarządzaniu, którego konsekwencje doprowadziły do utraty przychodów finan­so­wych, nieosiągnięcia celu sportowego oraz utraty reputacji. Klub piłkarski Legia Warszawa jako lider na rynku polskiej piłki nożnej stanowi kanwę do dyskusji nad jakością kadr zarzą­dzających klubami piłkarskimi. W konkluzji autorka stwierdza, że tylko profesjonalne kadry zarządzające mogą zapewnić sukces klubu sportowego; w przypadku ich braku może dojść do sytuacji niepożądanej dla wszystkich interesariuszy klubu.
EN
On the example of the football club Legia Warsaw, the author describes and analyses a mana­gement mistake, which resulted in the loss of financial income, failure to achieve a sports goal, and loss of reputation. The Legia Warsaw football club, as a leader in the Polish football market, provides a setting to discuss the quality of management in football clubs. In conclusion, the author states that only professional management can assure a sports club success; otherwise the situation may turn out undesirable for all the club’s stakeholders.
EN
This article discusses the financial contribution of Ducal Prussia to the military effort of the Commonwealth during the war with Moscow and military confederations (1609–1618). It analyses both the scope of official assistance, agreed by a treaty, and that obtained in an unauthorized manner by the Commonwealth’s authorities which took the form of extortionate provisioning of military stations and the damage done in the process.
PL
Artykuł omawia wkład finansowy Prus Książęcych w wysiłek zbrojny Rzeczypospolitej w dobie wojny moskiewskiej i konfederacji wojskowych (1609–1618). Analizowany jest zarówno zakres oficjalnej pomocy, uzgodnionej traktatowo, jak i uzyskiwanej w sposób nieautoryzowany przez władze Rzeczypospolitej, a przejawiającej się w wymuszanym zaopatrzeniu w postaci stacji wojskowych i czynionych przy okazji szkód.
PL
Model biznesowy jest pojęciem, które funkcjonuje w naukach ścisłych od około 20 lat. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, model biznesowy można uznać za pewien (mniej lub bardziej szczegółowy) opis lub charakterystykę pomysłu biznesowego. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest opracowanie koncepcji oraz ocena możliwości wykorzystania modelu biznesowego Osterwaldera i Pigneura do opisu sposobu działania klubu piłkarskiego na przykładzie Legii Warszawa. Opisano kluczowe elementy modelu biznesowego w realiach funkcjonowania Legii Warszawa, co zaowocowało graficznym przedstawieniem modelu Canvas.
EN
Business model is a concept that has been used in the sciences for about 20 years. In general, a business model can be regarded as a certain (more or less detailed) description or characterization of a business idea. The main objective of this paper is to develop a concept and evaluate the possibility of using the Osterwalder and Pigneur business model to describe how a football club operates, using the example of Legia Warszawa (hereinafter: Warsaw). The key elements of the business model in the reality of Legia Warsaw's operation were described, which resulted in a graphical representation of the Canvas Model.
EN
The article concerns the financial aspects of the Polish health care system. It presents the sources of its financing as well as its legal aspects, it also mentions health care patterns from other countries. The authors focus on the biggest areas of financial mismanagement in the health care, such as inadequate allocation of funds and faulty functioning of the health insurance system. The article refers also to the current health crisis connected with the COVID-19 pandemic.
PL
W artykule omówiono finansowe aspekty funkcjonowania polskiego systemu ochrony zdrowia. Przedstawiono źródła jego finansowania i prawne aspekty działania oraz przytacza wzorce stosowane w innych krajach. Skupiono się na obszarach marnotrawienia środków finansowych w systemie zdrowotnym, omówiono przede wszystkim nieodpowiednie rozdysponowanie funduszy oraz wadliwe rozwiązania w zakresie ubezpieczeń zdrowotnych. Analiza zawiera również odniesienia do obecnej sytuacji zdrowotnej związanej z pandemią COVID-19.
EN
EU planning for the years 2014–2020 introduced a new instrument for financing territorial cohesion policy – namely Integrated Territorial Investments (ITI). There is a notable lack of analyses concerning the evaluation of Poland’s use of this innovative instrument for the uptake of EU funds. The aim of the article is to evaluate the implementation of ITI in Poland in the context of the system of obtaining and spending EU funds for the territorial cohesion policy in the years 2014−2020. The analyses were carried out in a normative economic perspective using secondary data on EU funds within the framework of regional operational programs. The research shows that the implementation of ITI in Poland has had the intended effect of meeting the conditions for obtaining EU funds for integrated territorial investments. However, this opportunity was not fully exploited due to the lack of tradition of cooperation between local government units other than in urban functional areas. Furthermore, the implementation of ITI in Poland indicates the danger of evaluating the effects of ITI in the context of contracting or certification of EU funds, which is not in line with the European Commission’s guidelines for this instrument. Thus, the 2014–2020 period was not fully used by Polish beneficiaries to prepare for the new rules for receiving EU funds under the regional cohesion policy.
PL
W programowaniu unijnym 2014–2020 został wprowadzony nowy instrument w finansowaniu terytorialnej polityce spójności – ZIT. W literaturze przedmiotu brakuje analiz dotyczących bilansu wykorzystania przez Polskę tego innowacyjnego instrumentu absorpcji funduszy unijnych. Celem artykułu jest ocena implementacji ZIT w Polsce w kontekście systemu pozyskiwania i wydatkowania funduszy unijnych na terytorialną politykę spójności w latach 2014–2020. Analizy zostały przeprowadzone w normatywnym ujęciu ekonomii z wykorzystaniem danych wtórnych dotyczących funduszy unijnych w ramach regionalnych programów operacyjnych. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, iż choć implementacja ZIT w Polsce przyniosła zamierzony efekt w postaci spełnienia warunków do pozyskania funduszy unijnych na zintegrowane inwestycje terytorialne, to jednak szansa  ta nie została w pełni wykorzystana ze względu na brak tradycji współpracy pomiędzy JST poza miejskimi obszarami funkcjonalnymi. Natomiast implementacja ZIT w Polsce w zakresie wydatkowania funduszy unijnych wskazuje na niebezpieczeństwo oceny efektów ZIT przez pryzmat kontraktacji czy certyfikacji funduszy unijnych, co z kolei nie jest zgodne z założeniami koncepcyjnymi Komisji Europejskiej w odniesieniu do tego instrumentu. Okres programowania unijnego 2014–2020 nie został zatem w pełni wykorzystany przez polskich beneficjentów na przygotowanie się do nowych zasad absorbcji funduszy unijnej w ramach regionalnej polityki spójności.
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