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EN
The system transformation which started in the last decade of the previous century and the accompanying transition into market oriented economy have contributed to the increase of foreign investors’ interest in committing their capital in Poland. The interest grew even more after Poland joined the European Union. With limited national financial resources and great demand for the same, foreign investment has been a desirable factor supporting and accelerating economic growth. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the changes in the level and structure of foreign capital in Poland in the years 2008–2013, that is during the period of economic downturn following the global financial crisis. The point is, first of all, to find an answer to the following question: to what extent has the economic destabilisation caused by the crisis influenced the decisions of foreign investors concerning investing their capital in Poland? This allows to verify the following scientific hypothesis: during crisis stability of the financial system of the country in which parent companies have their seats is more important for foreign investors than financial security of the host country. The analysis covers total foreign capital, that is both direct and portfolio investment, as well as derivatives and credit facilities. The empirical part of the study has been based on the information published by the National Bank of Poland.
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Analiza ryzyka covered call

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PL
W wyniku wzrostu zmienności warunków rynkowych wzrasta zapotrzebowanie na nowe metody zarządzania ryzykiem, których umiejętne zastosowanie przyczyni się do poprawy wyników finansowych. Strategia covered call polega na wystawieniu opcji kupna na posiadane instrumenty podstawowe. Na giełdzie covered call jest jedną z najczęściej stosowanych strategii. W artykule przedstawiono analizę ryzyka strategii covered call. Celem opracowania jest zbadanie wpływu ceny instrumentu bazowego, czasu wygaśnięcia oraz wahań zmienności ceny instrumentu bazowego na kształtowanie się ryzyka strategii covered call. Ilustracja empiryczna jest przeprowadzona na podstawie symulacji wyceny walutowych opcji kupna na EUR/PLN.
EN
The changing in the volatility of market conditions increases the demand for new methods of risk management. Covered call is an option strategy where the investor holds a long position in the underlying instrument and sells call option on the same underlying instrument. The article presents the analysis of the risk of the covered strategy. The objective of the work is to present the analysis of the impact of selected factors (the price of the underlying instrument, the time to maturity, the volatility of the price of the underlying instrument) on the value of delta, gamma, vega and theta coefficient. These coefficients are the measures of options risk. The empirical illustration is carried out on the pricing simulations of the currency call option on EUR/PLN.
EN
The author presents issues in defining derivatives in both community and Polish law brought about by the fast development of the market for these instruments and the Commission’s reluctance to take a universal approach to defining them, which would depend on a definition that included all the common characteristics of derivatives, resulting from their financial-economic specifics and not using a closed catalogue of derivatives or the underlying instruments. Such a policy may lead to problems with transposing EU law on the financial instruments market on member states, including Poland.
EN
This article analyzes the operation of the German stock exchange on the basis of applicable national regulations, directives of the European Parliament and the adopted manner of operation of the entity in accordance with the information contained on the official website of the stock exchange. The following part of the article presents a comparative analysis of fifteen European stock exchanges. The comparative criterion was the achieved results concerning the offered financial instruments. The study was conducted on the basis of data from the Federation of European Stock Exchanges covering the state at the end of January 2021.
EN
The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The aim of the study is an attempt to show the degree of use of financial instruments by non-financial enterprises operating on the Polish market and to determine whether their application translates into the financial results achieved by these enterprises. The hypothesis was adopted that the importance and use of financial instruments by enterprises on the Polish market is not significant, however, as a result of global transformations and the growing importance of financial markets, the activity of entities in this respect will increase. Methodology: In order to determine the degree of use of financial instruments among enterprises, the data published by the Central Statistical Office (GUS) for the years 2010–2018 were used and the key indicators illustrating the involvement of enterprises in the instruments available on the financial market were calculated. The literature on the subject was also reviewed and analyzed. Results of the research: The conducted considerations that non-financial enterprises in the polish market showed an increase in involvement in financial activities, as evidenced by the growing share of financial instruments, both on the active and passive side. On the passive side, the use of credits and loans in financing the activities of entities increased. This increase, however, did not translate into the use of the effects of financial leverage in the surveyed enterprises and an increase in the profitability of equity. In the case of assets, in the analyzed period there was an increase in the involvement of free funds in investments, mainly due to an increase in equity financial instruments. However, the analysis of financial revenues in total revenues may suggest that greater involvement in the financial sphere does not translate into profitability of assets and the results of the surveyed entities. It should be emphasized, however, that the development of the financial market and the increasing availability and variety of financial instruments strengthen the interest of enterprises in capital investments.
EN
Social impact bonds are an innovative mechanism for financing social tasks with the financial resources of private investors. The repayment of the capital invested and capital gains depends on obtaining a predetermined social aim that is paid for by the public side under the “payment for results” formula. The previous work on this mechanism focused mainly on its task and organizational dimension. In this paper, the author attempts to define the social impact bond as a financial instrument. In particular, the financial side of the mechanism is considered. First, an attempt is made to determine the place of the social impact bond in the theoretical classifications of financial instruments. Second, the place of the instrument is indicated in the system of financial law. Finally, some remarks are made on the need to have the new instrument regulated in Polish legislation.
EN
This paper addresses issues of financial instruments application within Regional Operational Programmes for new EU financial perspective of 2014-2020 in Poland. Expected allocation has been derived out of validated programmes. Relatively low level of these instruments popularity is explained by the lack of experience combined with complex application which does not lead to spectacular short-term results.
EN
Digital currencies are a worldwide phenomenon gaining an increasing interest among investors, economists and legal scholars. They are used mainly as a new mean of ex-change and as a new way of investing funds, since the rapid changes in their value allow to gain extraordinary profits. Up to this point the legal status of digital currencies has not been clearly established under neither Polish nor EU public law, although some of the existing regulations may be indirectly applied to them. Under current regulations digital currencies cannot be treated as a legal mean of payment, as an electronic money nor a financial instrument. Creation of a complex regulation regarding digital currencies and granting administrative authorities supervisory powers over their trade seems to be necessary. Because of the evolution of financial markets, classifying digital currencies as financial instruments is a possible way of regulating their trade.
EN
The article concerns the criminalization of unlawful activity related to trading of financial instruments. The given problem is analyzed on the background of existing forms of protection of the capital market. The paper presents also a wide analysis of the object of criminal protection and also of punishable behaviors of the offender and illegal activity related to trading of financial instruments.
EN
The use of financial instruments by the public sector to support the cultural and creative field is a rising trend. At a national and supranational level, public bodies are increasingly employing financial instruments, such as loan guarantees, to facilitate debt financing to creative organisations. This paper attempts to contribute to the understanding of these changes. It explores the logic of public intervention underpinning the emergence of this phenomenon in four distinct polities; France, Spain, the United Kingdom (UK) and the European Union (EU), as well as their mutual influences. It does so from a historical perspective, placing special attention to economic, political and ideational factors. The article concludes by arguing that although financial instruments cannot be considered as novel mechanisms, the intensity under which they are currently being advanced may signal towards a profound change for the governance of the cultural sector.
EN
Financial knowledge is an extremely important element not only of functioning and development, but more importantly of managing financial processes at local government level. Considering the progressing reforms of the national public finance system and the resulting consequences (legal, financial, as well as managerial) for shaping the financial management of the LGU’s, and also globalisation processes and the dynamic development of the financial services’ market, it is natural to require managers of the local government subsector of public finance to have thorough financial knowledge - current and interdisciplinary knowledge that would most importantly be reliable and practice-based. Constant changes of regulations, growing demands in budget management, progressing restrictions as concerns LGUs’ debt-raising capacity require not only current, “static” financial knowledge expected when executing statutory tasks, but also “dynamic” knowledge based on strategic planning, i.e. knowledge based on modern financial instruments.
EN
The main purpose of the submitted article is the estimation of financial investors’ potential in Poland. There are four groups of collective investors on financial market in Poland like Banks, Insurance companies, Investment funds and Open Pension Funds, which have been analyzed. Their importance on financial market and especially on capital market in Poland is still rising. The dynamics of their assets value in 2009 – 2013 periods has been analyzed. Financial investors’ assets and Gross National Product in Poland ratio has been calculated. The influence of the financial crisis and post-crisis time on the investment portfolios structure has been also reviewed.
EN
This article demonstrates that an option premium cannot be recognized as an entity's financial liability. According to accounting law, a premium at the date of the option contract should be recognized as accrued income. The article also shows that the effects of revaluations of derivatives (financial instruments), according to accounting principles and economic profit definitions, should not be recognized as income at the balance sheet date. It should be recognized as revaluation reserve in equity or only presented in notes to financial statement in accordance with the basic function of accounting.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano nowe podejście do finansowania innowacyjności sektora małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w nowej perspektywie finansowania Unii Europejskiej. W celu omówienia założeń nowej perspektywy finansowej Unii Europejskiej, przedstawiono implikacje funkcjonującego systemu wsparcia innowacyjności przedsiębiorstw w perspektywie 2007-2013. Na tej podstawie wskazano niedomagania istniejącego systemu wsparcia innowacyjności MŚP. Zaprezentowano również założenia dotyczące polityki wsparcia innowacyjności w nowym okresie programowania. W rozważaniach odniesiono się w szczególności do planowanych instrumentów finansowego wspierania innowacyjności MŚP.
EN
The paper presents a new approach to financing innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises in the new EU budgetary perspective. In order to discuss the objectives of the new financial perspective of the EU, the author discusses the implications of the functioning support innovation system, taking into account the years 2007-2013. On this basis, the deficiencies of the existing system are indicated. Also presented are the assumptions of innovation support policy in the new programming period. The discussion specifically addresses the financial instruments to support innovative SMEs.
PL
W artykule wykazano, iż otrzymana premia opcyjna nie stanowi zobowiązania jednostki gospodarczej. Zgodnie z przepisami prawa bilansowego, premia na dzień zawarcia kontraktu opcyjnego stanowi rozliczenie międzyokresowe przychodów. Ponadto w artykule wykazano, iż skutki przeszacowania instrumentów pochodnych (instrumentów finansowych), według zasad rachunkowości oraz definicji zysku jako kategorii ekonomicznej, nie stanowią przychodów jednostki na moment dokonania wyceny. Skutki wyceny powinny być ujmowane w kapitale z aktualizacji wyceny lub prezentowane jedynie w informacji dodatkowej, zgodnie z podstawową funkcją rachunkowości.
EN
The purpose of the submitted paper is to assess changes in the level and structure of foreign investments in Poland during the years 2008–2013, so in the period of destabilization of the business environment, which was a consequence of the global financial crisis. The analysis, based on National Bank of Poland’s data showed that investment attractiveness of Poland has not been significantly reduced; however, the transfer of capital and profits has been observed. It can be concluded that in times of crisis, foreign investors prefer the stability of the financial system of the country in which the parent companies are residing to the financial system’s safety of the country that hosts subsidiary companies.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ocena zmian poziomu i struktury inwestycji zagranicznych w Polsce w latach 2008–2013, a więc w okresie destabilizacji warunków prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej będącej następstwem globalnego kryzysu finansowego. Analiza przeprowadzona na podstawie informacji Narodowego Banku Polskiego wykazała, że atrakcyjność inwestycyjna Polski nie uległa istotnemu osłabieniu, zaobserwowano jednak zjawisko transferu kapitału i zysków za granicę. Można zatem wnioskować, że w okresach kryzysowych inwestorzy zagraniczni przedkładają stabilność systemu finansowego kraju, w którym mają siedzibę spółki macierzyste nad bezpieczeństwem systemu finansowego kraju goszczącego spółki zależne. 
EN
The article discusses issues related to financial instruments. In the period of a significant increase in fuel and energy prices, the author decided to examine whether companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange from the fuel, gas, and energy sectors hedge against exchange rate fluctuations. The article also verifies whether financial and hedging instruments constitute a significant part of the assets of the surveyed companies. It was also checked whether the audited companies apply hedge accounting and whether changes in the value of hedging instruments significantly affect their financial results. In the last phase of the research, the completeness of disclosures regarding financial instruments and derivatives in the consolidated financial statements of the audited entities was verified. The following research methods were used in the article: literature review, analysis of legal acts related to financial instruments and the verification of consolidated financial statements of companies from the fuel, gas, and energy sectors listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
PL
W artykule omówiono zagadnienia związane z instrumentami finansowymi. W okresie znaczącego wzrostu cen paliw i energii autor postanowił zbadać, czy spółki notowane na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie (GPW) z sektora paliwowo-gazowego oraz energetycznego zabezpieczają się przed wahaniami kursów walutowych. W artykule zweryfikowano również, czy instrumenty finansowe i zabezpieczające stanowią istotną część majątku badanych spółek. Sprawdzono także, czy badane spółki stosują rachunkowość zabezpieczeń oraz czy zmiany wartości instrumentów zabezpieczających w istotny sposób wpływają na ich wynik finansowy. W ostatniej fazie badań przeanalizowano kompletność ujawnień w zakresie instrumentów finansowych oraz instrumentów pochodnych w skonsolidowanych sprawozdaniach finansowych badanych podmiotów. W artykule wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: przegląd literatury przedmiotu, analizę aktów prawnych związanych z instrumentami finansowymi oraz weryfikację skonsolidowanych sprawozdań finansowych spółek z sektora paliwowo-gazowego i energetycznego notowanych na GPW.
EN
Financial engineering instruments (FEIs) are a way of using Structural Funds to deliver cohesion policy objectives, in addition to grants, and are a part of the strategy aiming at promoting long-term sustainable growth in the European regions. FEIs were already used to deliver ERDF in some MSs during 1994–1999 and became more widespread during 2007–2013, growing rapidly in variety, scope, and scale. As part of the decisional process, managing authorities must assess whether they want to implement the FEI operation through a holding fund or through a direct contribution from the operational programmes to a specific fund. FEIs can be implemented using various instruments like JEREMIE Initiative. In Poland, six regions support enterprises through Holding Fund in the form of loans, guarantees, and capital product. The idea of FEIs has initiated, not only in Poland, a new approach to supporting enterprises whose consequences are beginning to materialize in the form of transformations in local and regional financial markets.
PL
Wsparcie zwrotne, którego najważniejszą cechą jest konieczność oddania otrzymanej kwoty, zyskuje coraz większą popularność w UE. Dzięki rewolwingowi generuje więcej korzyści, ponieważ fundusze raz przekazane wracają, multiplikując wartość wsparcia i liczbę beneficjentów. Przykładem tego typu finansowania z funduszy Unii Europejskiej w okresie programowania 2007–2013 są Instrumenty Inżynierii Finansowej (IIF), będące sposobem wykorzystywania funduszy strukturalnych do realizacji polityki spójności. W całej UE IIF są wykorzystywane nie tylko do wspierania przedsiębiorstw, ale także w celu rewitalizacji obszarów miejskich, wspierania efektywności energetycznej i odnawialnych źródeł energii. Najbardziej popularna pod względem ilościowym i wartościowym jest realizacja IIF dla rozwoju sektora MŚP. Przedsiębiorcy mogą korzystać ze wsparcia w formie pożyczek, poręczeń czy zasilania kapitałowego. W Polsce, w ramach 16 regionalnych Programów Operacyjnych, IIF są wdrażane przez wykorzystanie instytucji Funduszu Powierniczego (7 województw) lub bezpośrednie wspieranie pośredników finansowych przez instytucje nimi zarządzające. Bardzo popularną formą wspierania przedsiębiorstw jest Inicjatywa JEREMIE. Jej realizacja prowadzi nie tylko do wymiernego finansowania przedsiębiorstw, ale również do powstania lokalnych rynków finansowych, z coraz większym znaczeniem instytucji pełniących rolę pośredników wspierających przedsiębiorstwa.
EN
The article is dedicated to an analysis of the control system of one of the instruments used by the state during the implementation of the programmes co-financed from the EU financial instruments. Their basic advantage is that they generate a lower risk of swindling as beneficiaries have to return the funds they have received. Beneficiaries have to provide repayment security for such instruments, e.g. bills of exchange or collaterals, and in the case of non-repayment beneficiaries can be subject to standard debt recovery proceedings. At the same time, these instruments are less advantageous to the beneficiaries than, e.g. non-returnable subsidies, since they need to return the funds invested. However, overregulation related to this kind of support and the need to return them may make beneficiaries reluctant to use them. That is why the specifics of financial instruments should be take into account when the frequency and scope of beneficiaries’ audits are set.
EN
The contemporary global financial market is characterized by the fact that most financial instruments can be replicated. The replication procedures involve the construction of a new financial instrument through combining other financial instruments, so that the effect of the combination is identical to the properties of the existing instrument. New financial instruments, referred to as synthetic instruments, are constructed on the basis of both primary and derivative instruments. A synthetic instrument is a financial structure based on an appropriate combination of primary and derivative instruments — their substitutes. It provides the possibility of constructing any type of a financial instrument. The paper presents a concept for designing synthetic instruments on the basis of the call/ put parity. The call/put parity can be a basis for designing a synthetic share, a call option and a put option, and a risk-free investment. The concepts were used to develop two strategies (strangle and straddle) based on synthetic instruments. The balance sheet valuation of strangle and straddle spread strategies was based on a mixed valuation model, making use of two basic measures of valuation — historical costs and fair value.
PL
Specyficzną cechą współczesnego globalnego rynku finansowego jest to, iż większość instrumentów finansowych może być replikowana. Procedura replikacji oznacza, że można skonstruować nowy instrument finansowy poprzez złożenie innych instrumentów finansowych tak, aby efekt tego złożenia był identyczny jak w przypadku realnie istniejącego instrumentu. Do konstruowania nowych instrumentów finansowych, nazywanych instrumentami syntetycznymi (synthetic instruments), wykorzystuje się zarówno instrumenty podstawowe, jak i pochodne. Instrument syntetyczny jest strukturą finansową stworzoną na bazie odpowiedniej kombinacji instrumentów podstawowych i instrumentów pochodnych, będących jego substytutem. Artykuł przedstawia koncepcje tworzenia instrumentów syntetycznych na bazie parytetu opcji kupna i opcji sprzedaży. Na podstawie parytetu opcji kupna i opcji sprzedaży można więc zbudować syntetyczną akcję, opcję kupna, opcję sprzedaży oraz inwestycję o stopie zwrotu wolnej od ryzyka. Koncepcje te zostały wykorzystane do skonstruowania dwóch strategii (strangle i straddle) na instrumentach syntetycznych. Do wyceny bilansowej strategii strangle i straddle spread zastosowano model mieszany wyceny, oparty na dwóch podstawowych miarach wartości instrumentów finansowych – zasadzie kosztu historycznego i kategorii wartości godziwej.
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