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Pre-Settlement Risk Limits for Non-Financial Counterparty in the Polish Over-the-Counter Derivatives Market

100%
Wybieralski P.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
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2023
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vol. 57
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issue 1
219-235
EN
Theoretical background: The 2008/2009 financial crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in 2020 or the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, all these affected market volatility causing greater interest in counterparty credit risk (CCR) management especially in the OTC derivatives market. This study investigates selected method to mitigate the CCR, namely the application of various risk limits. The research is focused particularly on the pre-settlement risk that financial institutions face after transaction conclusion until the contract’s final settlement. Instead of one single limit there may be a wide range of different treasury limits (a multiple treasury limit setup) applied not only to cover the credit exposure but also to support and enhance the entire market risk management process and day-to-day operations in the financial institutions. Purpose of the article: The paper examines treasury limits employed to manage pre-settlement risk in the Polish OTC derivatives market in the relation between financial institution and non-financial institution. The current literature on this subject includes works on various risk limits, especially in the Polish inter-bank market, however, there is still no broader view on this topic from the analysed perspective. The study indicates different pre-settlement risk limits to be applied in practice both for daily and credit-related transactions considering multiple determinants, such as counterparty and financial instrument type, asset class or collateral form. Research methods: Research methods comprise the analysis of guidelines and recommendations of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority as well as reports, documents and market risk management principles of selected financial institutions. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of legal backgrounds on treasury limits in Poland and bank’s sources, such as master agreements, general conditions of cooperation in the field of treasury products, regulations, information brochures, etc. Selected data from the 2022 Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and OTC Derivatives Market Activity in Poland is used in the context analysis. Main findings: Different determinants of pre-settlement risk limit setup are identified and on this basis a directory of pre-settlement treasury limits is developed. The paper indicates also some challenges related to their practical application, concerning, for instance, the breaches of contractual terms (events of default), timely renewal of treasury limit or issues regarding the market risk estimation.
2
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The impacts of innovative and competitive abilities of SMEs on their different financial risk concerns: System approach

100%
Civelek M., Krajčík V., Fialova V.
Oeconomia Copernicana
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2023
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vol. 14
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issue 1
327-354
EN
Research background: The lack of financial resources of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) make them face high financial risk. Their entrepreneurial abilities that belong to Resource-based View (RBV), such as innovativeness and competitiveness, might reduce SMEs' financial risk because those entrepreneurial abilities increase the financial performance of businesses. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to investigate the effects of the innovativeness and competitiveness of SMEs on their financial concerns based on financial risk, including bankruptcy, financial performance, and financial risk management. Methods: The authors use a method of data analysis and synthesis, including advanced knowledge and digital processing of background studies. This paper examines 1221 SMEs from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. Those firms are chosen by random sampling method from Cribis and the Budapest Chamber of Commerce databases. Then the researchers directed an online questionnaire to collect the research data from the randomly selected firms. The researchers use Ordinal Logistic Regression Test for analysis purposes. Findings & value added: This paper's results indicate that SMEs' competitiveness does not impact SMEs' bankruptcy prediction, financial performance, or financial risk management. On the other hand, while more innovative SMEs are less likely to face bankruptcy issues than less innovative SMEs, less innovative SMEs indicate better financial performance than their more innovative counterparts. Since this paper focuses on the influences of intangible assets of SMEs (such as characteristics based on RBV and Entrepreneurial Orientation) on their tangible assets (financial performance etc.) and puts emphasis on this fact from an International perspective, this paper makes a significant contribution to the literature. Furthermore, analyzing multiple relationships between SMEs' different entrepreneurial characteristics and various financial risk concerns is another important fact that might draw prospective readers' attention.
3
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Utilization Schemes of the Pre-Settlement Risk Limits

72%
Wybieralski P.
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
|
2024
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vol. 2
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issue 42
57-69
PL
Celem artykułu jest rozpoznanie schematów wykorzystania limitów przedrozliczeniowych służących do zarządzania ryzykiem kredytowym kontrahenta na polskim rynku pozagiełdowych instrumentów pochodnych w relacji instytucja finansowa i przedsiębiorstwo niefinansowe. Zastosowanie przedrozliczeniowych limitów skarbowych wynikające z obowiązujących w Polsce regulacji prawnych ma również na celu usprawnienie i wsparcie codziennych działań operacyjnych w ramach procesu zarządzania ryzykiem rynkowym w instytucji finansowej. Metodyka uwzględnia analizę wybranych regulacji oraz obowiązujących przepisów prawnych, m.in. nadzorcy rynkowego oraz zasad zarządzania ryzykiem kredytowym kontrahenta instytucji finansowych. W szczególności analizie poddano zapisy Rekomendacji A Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego dotyczące zarządzania przez banki ryzykiem związanym z działalnością na instrumentach pochodnych oraz politykę ryzyka kredytowego kontrahenta wybranych banków notowanych na GPW. Rezultatem badania jest identyfikacja schematów utylizacji przedrozliczeniowych limitów skarbowych, zakładających w zakresie wielkości komponentu dotyczącego szacowania ryzyka rynkowego stały oraz zmienny jego poziom w trakcie funkcjonowania transakcji. Zastosowanie danego schematu w praktyce może mieć wpływ m.in. na wielkość nominalnej pozycji w kontrakcie, ekspozycji ryzyka oraz w konsekwencji na politykę w zakresie ustanawiania zabezpieczenia wymaganego kontraktu.
EN
The purpose of the article is to investigate the selected method employed to manage the counterparty credit risk, namely the application of various risk limits. The aim is to recognize utilization schemes of the pre-settlement risk limits in the Polish OTC derivatives market in the relationship between a financial institution and a non-financial counterparty. They are used not only to cover the credit exposure but also to support and enhance the entire market risk management process and day-to-day operations in the financial institutions. Methodology. The research method comprises the analysis of recommendations of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority as well as reports, documents and market risk management principles of selected financial institutions (WSE listed banks). Results of the research. The study indicates two utilization schemes of the pre-settlement limit setup applicable both for daily and credit-related transactions. The first one assumes that the risk requirements remain unchanged during the contract lifetime, the second one considers variable risk requirements over time. Practical implications are discussed (in relation to a notional trade size, risk exposure and margining policy).
4
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Poręczenie funduszu regionalnego jako prawne zabezpieczenie do ustanowionego limitu skarbowego na rynku pozagiełdowym

58%
Wybieralski P.
Finanse i Prawo Finansowe
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2021
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vol. 1
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issue 29
175-185
EN
The study highlights a selected aspect related to the financial risk management with the use of OTC derivatives, namely the issue of pre-settlement limits set by commercial banks for their counterparties, namely non-financial enterprises. The discussed situation assumes that the creditworthiness is sufficient in the opinion of the financial institution but the value of the legal collaterals proposed by the counterparty is insufficient. In this case, the use of guarantees of business support institutions such as regional funds may be particularly helpful. The formal and legal grounds for applying treasury limits were indicated and the way of their use was discussed, as well as a case study on the implementation of the mentioned guarantee for selected commercial bank. The article emphasizes the crucial role of scientific institutes in creating solutions to deal with real economic challenges.
PL
W opracowaniu zwrócono uwagę na wybrany aspekt związany z problematyką zarządzania ryzykiem finansowym z wykorzystaniem instrumentów pochodnych na rynku pozagiełdowym, a mianowicie kwestią prawnego zabezpieczenia do ustanowionych przez banki komercyjne dla swoich kontrahentów – przedsiębiorstw niefinansowych limitów skarbowych. Omawiana jest sytuacja zakładająca wystarczającą w ocenie instytucji finansowej zdolność kredytową kontrahenta, ale niewystarczającą wartość proponowanych przez niego prawnych zabezpieczeń wierzytelności bankowych. W tym przypadku zastosowanie poręczeń cywilnych okołobiznesowych instytucji wspierających tj. regionalne fundusze może być szczególnie pomocne. Wskazano na formalno-prawne przesłanki stosowania limitów skarbowych oraz omówiono sposób ich wykorzystania, jak również przedstawiono studium przypadku dotyczące wdrożenia omawianego poręczenia dla wybranego oddziału banku komercyjnego. W artykule podkreślono szczególnie istotną rolę instytutów naukowych w kreowaniu rozwiązań dla rzeczywistych wyzwań gospodarczych.
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