Search results - CEJSH

1

How the Polish banking sector has survived the global crisis

100%

Piątkowski M.

Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie

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2011

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vol. 21

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issue 4

24-32

EN

Banks in Poland have survived global financial crisis which began in 2008, much better than banks in many other countries in Western and Central Europe. The author lists and analyzes factors which contributed to maintain liquidity and financial stability of the banking sector. The most important include inter alia: strong macroeconomic bases of economy before the crisis, relatively less reliance on foreign capital and lower dependence on external trade, a lower level of households debt, a relatively high capitalization of banks and appropriate policy intervention. As the author suggests, maintaining stability of this sector will require new regulatory decisions.

2

Credit risk of FX loans in Poland. Interest and FX rate Dependence

93%

Wośko Z., University of Lodz D. o. E., National Bank of Poland F. S. D.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2013

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vol. 295

EN

One of important financial stability risks in Poland is relatively high share of bank loans denominated in foreign currency extended to unhedged borrowers. Banks engaged in FX lending are exposed to indirect exchange rate risk (as a component of credit risk) through currency mismatches on their clients’ balance sheets. A significant depreciation of Polish zloty would translate into an increase of value of outstanding debt (also in relation to the value of collateral) as well as in the flow of payments to service the debt. As a result, the debt-servicing capacity of unhedged domestic borrowers would deteriorate, leading to a worsening the financial condition of the private sector. The reduction of borrower’s ability to service the loan and lower recovery rate affects the loan portfolio quality, increases banks’ loan losses. This effect can be mitigated or intensified by foreign interest rates of extended FX loans (i.e. LIBOR). The borrower’s ability to service such loan depends strongly on FX rate but also on monetary authorities from abroad. Therefore both risks are linked and should be considered together. This paper presents the statistical analysis of the dependence of foreign interest rates and FX rate of Polish zloty using measures of dependence, amongst others, copula function approach.

PL

Jednym z najważniejszych zagrożeń stabilności finansowej w Polsce jest stosunkowo wysoki udział kredytów bankowych w walutach obcych udzielonych niezabezpieczonym kredytobiorcom. Banki które udzielały kredytów walutowych są narażone pośrednio na ryzyko kursowe (jako element ryzyka kredytowego) za sprawą niedopasowania walutowego w bilansach swoich klientów. Znacząca deprecjacja złotego przekłada się na wzrost wartości zadłużenia (również w stosunku do wartości zabezpieczenia), jak również na bieżące płatności kredytobiorcy. W rezultacie, zdolność obsługi zadłużenia przez niezabezpieczonych kredytobiorców krajowych uległaby pogorszeniu, co prowadzi do pogorszenia się kondycji finansowej sektora prywatnego. Zmniejszenie zdolności kredytobiorcy do obsługi kredytu i niższy poziom odzysku mają wpływ na jakość portfela kredytowego i zwiększają straty kredytowe banków. Efekt ten może być zmniejszony lub zwiększony przez zagraniczne stopy procentowe obowiązujące dla udzielanych kredytów walutowych (np. LIBOR). Zdolność kredytobiorcy do obsługi takiego kredytu zależy nie tylko od kursu walutowego, ale również od władz monetarnych z zagranicy. Dlatego oba ryzyka są ze sobą powiązane i powinny być rozpatrywane łącznie. W artykule przedstawiono analizę statystyczną zależność zagranicznych stóp procentowych i kursu złotego przy użyciu miar zależności, między innymi, podejście za pomocą funkcji copula.

3

Polityka pieniężna a kryzysy finansowe

93%

Koronowski A.

Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics

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2009

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vol. 235

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issue 10

33-48

EN

The paper discusses the role of monetary policy in preventing financial crises and offsetting their implications. The paper provides a critical evaluation of views on the relationship between monetary policy and financial crises. The author looks at this issue in the context of practical experiences, especially those coming from the U.S. market, where the analyzed ties seem to be the most prominent. The author concludes that a monetary policy exclusively focused on the prices of goods and services and oriented toward keeping inflation in check in the short term, may create an environment conducive to the outbreak of a financial crisis. The probability of such a situation is especially high if the financial market is heavily liberalized and poorly supervised, Koronowski says. However, the main conclusion is that a financial crisis may be prompted by an excessive, prolonged increase in the liquidity of the banking sector after a decline in financial stability or as a result of failed central bank attempts to stimulate credit expansion and economic growth. Yet another conclusion is that monetary policy must be stable not only in terms of inflation, but also in terms of the price of money, Koronowski says. This is indispensable for a healthy financial sector and robust economic growth, the author adds.

4

EKF macroeconomic consensus: forecasts, threats, opportunities and recommendations

93%

Pawłowicz L., Penczar M., Bednarczyk T.

Bezpieczny Bank

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2019

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vol. 77

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issue 4

110-126

EN

The rapid pace of change in economic phenomena combined with the high volatility of financial markets and the growing importance of irrational behavioral factors, encourages a wider use of expert knowledge in macroeconomic forecasting. The aim of the article is to present the results of the fourth edition of the project Macroeconomic challenges and forecasts for Poland. The survey was conducted in the period November 8, 2019 – December 6, 2019. The article presents the prognostic consensus of experts cooperating with the European Financial Congress. In addition to classic macroeconomic forecasts for Poland, it contains threats to sustainable economic development and financial system stability, together with estimates of the subjective probability of implementation. Using the knowledge and competences of experts cooperating with EKF, recommended actions for economic policy were formulated, aimed at weakening the impact of identified threats in the future.

5

Early Warning Models of Banking Crises: VIX and High Profits

93%

Bańbuła P., Pietrzak M.

Central European Journal of Economic Modelling and Econometrics

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2021

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issue 4

6

O charakterze prawnym decyzji Europejskich Urzędów Nadzoru – rozważania w kontekście sprawy C‑370/12 Pringle oraz sprawy C‑270/12

93%

Nadolska A.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2014

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issue 1(41)

11-26

EN

European Supervisory Authorities’ decisions were, from the outset, of particular doctrinal interest, especially in the context of the formal legitimacy to issue them. There are questions as to whether the Agency’s competences in this field should be more on a clearer (than Article 114 TFEU) basis in the primary law of the European Union. It is not surprising that, in 2012, the Court of Justice of the European Union received an action for annulment of the provision of secondary legislation authorizing European Securities and Markets Authority to issue binding decisions prohibiting or restricting short selling of certain financial instruments. Although the proceedings in the case C‑270/12 were completed, it is necessary to make a few comments on the direction of the settlement. The starting point of this is the Court of Justice of the European Union decision in the case Pringle – a key judgment relating to the EU system.

7

Systemic Risk: Cause or Effect of the Financial Crisis in the Euro Area? The Case of Spanish Banking System Bailouts

93%

Santos J. L., Kaszowska J.

Olsztyn Economic Journal

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 4

441-455

EN

The aim of this paper is to determine to which extent systemic risk is a cause and an effect of the 2008 financial crisis. In the context of Spanish bailouts, we study the transmission of risk in the Spanish banking system. We make use of data from Google Trends on all Spanish financial institutions, which are selected as examples of one of the countries most affected in the last financial crisis. This analysis is one of the first attempts to use this kind of data for purposes of financial analysis. We compute the impact of each bailout in the banking system and we show how it affects the activity of the bailed-out bank and other institutions according to their status both before and after the announcement of the bailouts. We then show that it is possible to quantify the subjective systemic risk, an elusive concept that is difficult to measure with data from standard sources.

8

Financial stability: problems of inter-level and cross-sectoral equilibrium

93%

Gospodarchuk G., Suchkova E.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2019

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vol. 14

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issue 1

53-79

EN

Research background: As part of the creation of an effective mechanism for managing financial stability, the tasks of providing an inter-level and cross-sectoral financial equilibrium remain unresolved. So far, clear and unambiguous criteria for financial stability have not been formulated, with which monetary and prudential policies could be related, as well as measures to minimize systemic and individual risks. The problem of creating a system of indicators comes to the fore, allowing the creation of new effective instruments for regulation of financial flows that contribute to the prevention of financial crises. Purpose of the article: The paper proposes a system of indicators of financial stability, which allows for solving the tasks of inter-level and cross-sectoral equilibrium in the selection of regulatory tools for monetary and prudential policy. Methods: We have used real interest rates as a measure of financial stability at the macro level. The real rates have been calculated from time series with nominal interest rate and inflation in the credit market (divided into loans to financial and non-financial organizations and individuals), and in the bond market (divided into corporate, municipal, and federal bonds). The analysis of the market and institutional financial stability of the USA, Russia, Japan, Switzerland, Australia over the period 1984?2014 was done. Then, comprehensive investigation on the financial stability in the Russian Federation in 2014?2017 was conducted. The results have been compared against financial stability of individual banks, which was measured using profit to risk ratio. The latter has been calculated from bank?s financial reports using our method, which had been developed earlier. Findings & Value added: We have developed criteria for qualitative assessment of financial stability and the risk map, which helps to identify the level of accumulated imbalances in the market and institutional environment, as well as in the levels and sectors of the economy. The criteria for selecting monetary and prudential regulatory instruments have been formulated depending on the amount of accumulated risks. The criteria for forming a portfolio of regulatory instruments with regard to their rigidity are proposed.

9

In search of financial stability - the case of shadow banking

93%

Lucius O.

Managerial Economics

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2014

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vol. 15

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issue 1

63-81

EN

Financial stability seems to be an important buzzword these days. This paper discusses the threats to financial stability that might arise from shadow banking. In order to properly discuss the problems, shadow banking is defined. Then, which measures to take to remedy this situation will be discussed.

10

Financial system stability vs. social policy

93%

Karaś M.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2017

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issue 482

85-106

EN

The paper adds to the discussion of social costs of financial crises through theoretical elaboration, arguing for the position that supporting the stability of financial systems, if combined with public confidence in financial markets and banking, leads to a reduction of social costs by reducing the frequency of crises associated with the long-term development of the financial sphere in the world. Following the theoretical function proposed by Adrian, Covitz and Liang [2014], the author elaborates that prudential regulation may lower the social costs of crises. This calls for an active role of regulating the financial sector and that of the central banks, as the preferred sensitivity of the financial system to shocks may be achieved by prudential regulation and the increasing of transparency of the system, as well as by the management of social perception of stability (security) of this system. The paper postulates the abovementioned relation by reviewing selected empirical studies and framing the discussion in theoretical elaboration on social costs and financial stability.

11

Bankowość centralna w świtle doświadczeń dekady 2007-2016. Czy jest miejsce na zmiany strategiczne?

93%

Szyszko M.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2017

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issue 2(363)

169-187

EN

Prior to the financial crisis that erupted in 2007 in the United States, monetary policy had been conducted according to theoretical (new neoclassical synthesis) and practical consensuses (Jackson Hole consensus). These consensuses were combined into the central banks’ strategic frameworks. Monetary strategy goal was established together with reaction function and communication strategy. After eruption of the crisis, the central bank mandate was augmented with the explicit support of financial stability. Most central banks gained a new responsibility – macroprudential policy. The conduct of monetary policy and macroprudential policy under one roof creates a new challenging quality. The article’s goal is to assess the redefinition of monetary policy strategy – or more broadly – central banks’ strategy in the light of their newly acknowledged mandate. Up to 2016 central banks did not present a framework of such an enlarged strategy. This situation seems to be temporary. Modern monetary policy which is still central banks’ mandate must shape economic agents’ expectations. Therefore, a state of affairs when central banks avoid a declaration on their own priorities and possible conflict of goals is dissatisfying.

12

Fiinancial Stability and Reform of the Financial System

93%

Sipko J.

Creative and Knowledge Society

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2012

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vol. 2

|

issue 2

58-69

EN

The paper describes the main features of financial stability and the preparation of the reform of the global financial system. The mortgage crisis in the USA brought about the global financial crisis. This crisis was the result of the failure of financial regulation, including supervision, and the failure of the management of the banking industry. Therefore, the international community, including Group 20, urged the appropriate institutions to introduce a comprehensive reform of the financial sector. To avoid a potential financial crisis, the creation of the framework for financial stability would be needed. In line with this, the paper examines the interaction between both monetary and fiscal policies, including micro-and macroprudential policies and their instruments. Although still is going on discussion on definition of macroprudential policy, there is a generally accepted opinion that macroprudential policy should limit systemic risk. In addition, this policy should focus on interaction between the financial system and the real economy. Furthermore, micro- andmacroprudential policy should use appropriate instruments in dealing with the systemic risk. In this regard, the article undescores that put in a place the frameworkfor financial stability will create favorable conditions for decision-makers how they should to respond to financial imbalances. The paper also pointed out some potential economic costs related to the implementation of the overall international reform of the financial sector. Based on comprehensive literature study, the author came to the conclusion that despite the fact that there will be some economic costs related to implementing the overall regulatory reform of the financial sector, the main benefit from the long-term perspective will be avoiding the potential financial crisis in the future. To fulfill all the requirements for global financial reform, international cooperation will be needed.

13

Rynek finansowy Unii Europejskiej – wyzwania

81%

Mikita M.

Studia BAS

|

2012

|

issue 3(31)

29-42

EN

In this article, the author focuses on two challenges that aim to increase the security of the EU’s financial market operations: namely, more effective supervision of financial conglomerates at the EU level, and improving the transparency of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). The first part of the article presents the EU actions with regard to financial market integration; i.e., current integration activities and planned changes to European financial market regulations. The second part looks at the challenges facing financial markets in the European Union. The author concludes that the main priority for the EU should be strengthening its economic governance and ensuring stability of its operations.

14

Comparison of External Exposure of Central and Eastern-European States as a Factor Threatening Financial Security of Their Economies

81%

Redo M.

Historia i Polityka

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2018

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issue 24 (31)

135-159

EN

Central and Eastern-European countries are strongly linked to the international economic and financial systems, which results in their dependence on foreign capital and on the upturn in the global markets. This situation also makes them vulnerable to external shocks. Resilience of the economies of CEE countries was additionally diminished by their relatively quick and uncompromising opening up to the process of globalization and European integration. All the economies subject to scrutiny have quite a substantial external debt level (reaching 55–139% of GDP), their net international investment position is quite strongly in the negative (constituting 25–71% of GDP). They are also characterized by high level of foreign liabilities (85–350% of GDP), a significant degree of trade openness (export and import of goods and services amounting to 41–94% of GDP), considerable rate of foreign liquid portfolio investments (even as much as 32% of GDP). Another common feature is the strong financial support received from the EU budget, with CEE countries being its net beneficiaries (with the accumulated value of funds received from the EU budget in 2004–2015 at the level of 21–42% of GDP). It should be borne in mind that Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Slovenia and Slovakia are members of the Eurozone, i.e. operate an international currency, which improves their creditworthiness and augments the trust of the global markets. What seems not without significance for investors is the fact that the IMF classified these five CEE countries – as well as the Czech Republic – as advanced economies. In light of the above, it should be stated that the Polish economy is characterized by a relatively strong external exposure relative to the creditworthiness the country boasts. This exposure increases Poland’s vulnerability to shocks and makes it less immune thereto. These circumstances partially explain the higher estimation of the risk premium for investments in Poland, which reduces the state’s opportunities and prospects of development in comparison with other CEE economies. It should be stressed that when assessing the external exposure one must take into account not only its particular characteristics, but also the economic and political stability of a given country – or, more specifically and importantly, their assessment by financial markets.

15

УПРАВЛІННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЮ ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЮ АГРАРНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

81%

О.А. Н.

Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne

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2014

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vol. 19

EN

The article discusses approaches to managing economic efficiency of agrarian enterprises and investigated the role of reporting financial information to management efficiency and solvency of agrarian enterprises.

16

Instytucje shadow banking w systemie finansowym obszaru euro – cechy, zakres, kontrowersje

81%

Marszałek P.

Studia BAS

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2018

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issue 1(53)

25-44

EN

The article provides an overview of the shadow banking in the euro area. Shadow banking refers to the system of financial intermediation that involves entities outside of traditional banking regulations. The paper begins with the presentation of the post-crisis tendencies in the financial systems worldwide, with particular attention given to the banking sectors. In the next section, the author presents the size and dynamics of shadow banking, discusses the threats identified by the EU and the concerns regarding the risks this sector poses to the financial system.

17

Rynek finansowy Unii Europejskiej – wyzwania

81%

Mikita M.

Studia BAS

|

2012

|

issue 3(31)

29-42

EN

In this article, the author focuses on two challenges that aim to increase the security of the EU’s financial market operations: namely, more effective supervision of financial conglomerates at the EU level, and improving the transparency of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs). The first part of the article presents the EU actions with regard to financial market integration; i.e., current integration activities and planned changes to European financial market regulations. The second part looks at the challenges facing financial markets in the European Union. The author concludes that the main priority for the EU should be strengthening its economic governance and ensuring stability of its operations.

18

The Customer as a Subject of Protection on the Financial Market in European Union

81%

Cyman D.

Financial Law Review

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2021

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vol. 24

|

issue 4

43-54

EN

The crisis begun in 2007 exposed the weakness of the existing regulations, revealing challenges for legislators all over the world. Financial stability started to be understood as an essential value for the proper operation of the financial market. It has become important to address the question as to how to protect financial markets from more crises, or at least alleviate their effects. The idea of supervision of a financial market has undergone thorough transformation. Particular emphasis has been placed on protecting buyers of financial services. Adequate customer protection has been recognized as a sign of trust in the market and its stability and has gained systemic importance and relevance for the European financial system. There is a growing tendency to enlarge the group of subjects eligible for special protection. it is becoming an increasingly common idea that not only consumers but all non-professional customers should be protected. The idea is becoming widespread that the weaker party to a legal transaction can be not only a consumer [natural person] but also a non-professional market entity. Such a solution is certainly appropriate. Narrowing down the ‘consumer’ to a natural person may seem artificial and out of line with market realities, not to mention the serious consequences of bad financial decisions taken by non- professional financial market participants. Another important challenge facing the modern financial market is to establish a system of institutional safeguards to ensure security for all market entities and to enforce fair play rules. However, even the best provisions of substantive law, though necessary, may prove to fall short. Therefore, there is a pressing need for strong and competent both state and international institutions duly equipped with auditing and supervisory powers to deal with the present situation. They should also have the possibility of enforcing substantive laws in a way that allows for flexible responses to any emerging threat to the protected values. The shift towards a regulatory and supervisory method of protection sets a more serious tone for the supervision model adopted for the financial market. In it, the market is responsible not only for ensuring that the supervised entities operate correctly, but also for the quality of services that they provide.

19

Sustainable finance initiatives and their impact on financial stability

81%

Zielińska-Lont K.

Financial Law Review

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2020

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vol. 20

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issue 4

118-133

EN

The article discusses the potential impact of sustainable finance initiatives on financial stability. A careful literature review on the subject of sustainable development and stability of the financial sector is performed in order to identify potential gaps in policies and regulations. Existing considerations around the impact of sustainable development efforts focus exclusively on the consequences of climate change for the portfolio of assets held by the financial sector, whereas the author examines the growing market for sustainable financial instruments as a potential threat. The results indicate that sustainability features of new financial instruments are not methodically evaluated in the context of their credibility and may therefore suffer from sudden loss of value that is not accounted for under the existing supervisory mechanisms. Inconsistent definitions and no single perception of sustainability further enhance the risk for investors and issuers and that risk needs to be accounted for under the mechanisms safeguarding financial stability.

20

Narrow Banking – Banking System Without Private Issuance of Credit Money as a Solution for More Resistant Banks and More Stable Financial System / Usko Bankarstvo - Bankarski Sistem Bez Privatne Emisije Kreditnog Novca Kao Rešenje za Otpornije Banke i Stabilniji Finansijski Sistem

81%

Radojičić J., Radovanović P.

Economic Themes

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2015

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vol. 53

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issue 3

376-397

EN

The global financial crisis has revived interest in the introduction of the “narrow banking”, which has become a topical issue in both political and academic circles. There are attitudes that banks have maximized yields by excessive credit expansion, while the losses associated with the excessive risks undertaken in pre-crisis period fell at the expense of taxpayers. Based on the idea that modern financial systems have structural problems whose solution requires fundamental reform, a new wave of regulatory proposals is launched for solving the problems. They are generally aimed to eliminate the banks’ ability to issue credit money that enjoys both implicit and explicit government guarantees. The concept of narrow banking, as one of the variants of full-reserve banking, provides ex-ante a level of bank deposits’ protection which is the same as the level of central bank’s money protection. Motives for the application of this concept are the following: to make banks more resistant to bank runs; to avoid creating a speculative “bubbles”; and to make the financial system more stable. The paper gives an overview of historical and new proposals of narrow banking. In addition, the concept of narrow banking is analyzed from the point of view of its basic characteristics and objectives, followed by a discussion on the problems and possible success of its implementation.

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