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EN
The paper deals with selected aspects of the issue of financial transfers to local governments from the central budget. The first part of the paper describes the basic types of transfers, their role and limitations in central government financial policy resulting from decentralization. Further on, the author discusses the conditions of subsidizing and co-financing local governments under fiscal and budgetary policies. Guziejewska also examines the rules and purposes of financial policy, including the policy of subsidizing, sources of local government revenue and the role of soft and hard budget constraints. The author uses a descriptive analysis method, combined with elements of deduction and statistical analysis. The analysis confirms that the importance of transfers to local governments depends on the level of decentralization of public finances, the detailed structure of individual transfers and the roles that they are supposed to play in the financial system of the state. In Poland, general- and specific-purpose subsidies as well as designated grants play a key role in transfers from the national budget to local areas. Transfers to municipalities differ from those intended for other local government units above the municipality level. The Polish financial transfer system places insufficient emphasis on the goals that individual transfers are supposed to serve, Guziejewska concludes. The system also overlooks the actual costs of services in local areas and makes limited use of the principle of co-financing. Moreover, the economic and social consequences of specific transfers and their political role are not always sufficiently analyzed.
PL
W artykule opisano wskaźnik skonstruowany na potrzeby mierzenia przepływów finansowych pomiędzy samorządami w Polsce. Przepływy te uznano za miernik współpracy międzysamorządowej oraz siły powiązań funkcjonalnych przecinających granice administracyjne. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie skali i przedmiotu transferów finansowych między samorządami oraz analiza czynników wpływających na ich zróżnicowanie. Największe wydatkowe transfery finansowe występują w funkcjonalnych obszarach miejskich, ale tylko w zakresie wydatków bieżących. Transfery w zakresie wydatków inwestycyjnych są większe poza tymi obszarami oraz stanowią cechę charakterystyczną gmin o niższym poziomie zamożności. Najsilniej powiązaną funkcją jest dostarczanie usług transportowych − tak w wymiarze wydatków bieżących, jak i inwestycyjnych.
EN
The paper describes an indicator constructed to measure financial flows between local governments in Poland. These flows are considered as the measure of local governments’ cooperation and of the strength of functional connections crossing administrative boundaries. The purpose of this paper is to present the scale and the subject of financial transfers between local governments and the factors explaining the variation of local governments’ financial cooperation. The biggest financial transfers take place in functional urban areas, but only in terms of current expenditures. Transfers of investments expenditures are higher outside these areas and are characteristic of less affluent municipalities. The strongest associate function is to provide transportation services: both in terms of current expenditures and investments.
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