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EN
The main issues of the article touch on some fire protection aspects in the context of tourism which is the security of hotel guests. This article covers basic issues related to providing security and fire protection. The purpose of this article is to raise and diagnose awareness among tourists, including hotel guests with regard to fire protection. At the hotel, in particular, this assessment may help us to find the right answer to the question about how security and fire protection are perceived by hotel guests. In order to do this, we have done a survey among 107 hotel guests at the hotel situated in Silesia.
EN
An efficiently working fire protection system in an enterprise, a work place or an institution guarantees the proper execution of fire protection duties. Its proper organisation is of key importance. The conditions of the proper organisation of the fire protection system in a given organisational unit are above all the universality in the scope of using applicable provisions, knowledge of applicable provisions, appropriately exercised supervision of usage of applicable provisions, orders and established rules of conduct. The aim of this paper is to specify the most important duties of owners, users or managers in providing protection against fire or other local risks. This results from the fact that given the variety of operating enterprises, the character of their activity, kind of production and used technology, size, fire risk, etc. it is not possible to determine a standard model of a fire protection system for a particular work place.
EN
The article is an attempt to reconstruct a symbolic significance of the fire in life of polish family between XIII and XVIII centuries. On the basis of analyze of rich ceremonialism, which can be found in home, household and church space, some types of this element were defined by way of example. The basic merit of a fire is its consumer value, which providing family with life was the base of assessment and creating of additional sense. In symbolic stratum the main role played a ritual fire, which being a part of receiving ritual admitted new members of community (for example, children, women) . There was a fire in magical acts and fortune-telling in everyday practice. Made cyclically or by accident purifying fire protected house and cattle from contagion, dark forces and animal pests. Fire is also a destructive power, of which man was afraid and from which protected his family. The value of flame was also an area of death. Ritual gestures and acts usually used element’s substitutes like candle, smoke, ashes and stove. The rich symbolism of fire, its multi-aspect using and great variety of forms are an evidence of importance of this element in a family’s community space.
Filoteknos
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2022
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issue 12
407-414
EN
The article is a review of the book Żywioły w literaturze dziecięcej. Ogień, edited by Anna Czabanowska-Wróbel and Krystyna Zabawa. The publication was published in 2021 and closes a series of monographs devoted to the elements in literature for young readers. The authors of the articles propose interpretations of the fire theme, which is present in children’s literature. They analyze works from different eras, belonging to various genres.
EN
The main issues of the article touch on some fire protection aspects in the context of tourism which is the security of hotel guests. This article covers basic issues related to providing security and fire protection. The purpose of this article is to raise and diagnose awareness among tourists, including hotel guests with regard to fire protection. At the hotel, in particular, this assessment may help us to find the right answer to the question about how security and fire protection are perceived by hotel guests. In order to do this, we have done a survey among 107 hotel guests at the hotel situated in Silesia.
EN
Lech Piwowar was connected, inter alia, with the Cracow Writers’ Association (1929–1930), with the literary and artistic societies “Litart” (1931–1935) and “Volta” (1935–1937), since 1933 he closely cooperated with the Visual Artists’ Theatre “Cricot” and published in the magazines “Naprzód”, “Gazeta Artystów” and “Tygodnik Artystów”. According to Heronim Michalski, Piwowar was a “keen student” of Tadeusz Peiper, according to Julian Przyboś – he was a “faithful and fanatical” student. The author of this article devoted to Piwowar focuses on his poems employing explosive imagery, motifs of fire and blood, primarily within the current of social, “committed poetics” (e.g. Spring, Build!, or A Beauty’s Funeral recalling the revolutionary Cracow of 23 March 1936), poems with a rhetorical exclamation – a call. They lead to questions about the avant-garde imagination annexing (making more substantive) the proletarian gesture of dissent, an expression of revolt.
EN
In this paper, the ballet of Igor Stravinsky The Rite of Spring is interpreted from the perspective of Gaston Bachelard’s philosophical thought. Bachelard’s systematic psychoanalysis of literary images in The Psychoanalysis of Fire is applied to the interpretation of musical images in The Rite of Spring. Bearing in mind that rhythm is a key characteristic of Stravinsky’s composition, the paper analyses the immediate correspondences between Stravinsky’s and Bachelard’s perception and interpretation of rhythm in the works under consideration.
8
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Rescuing an Unconscious Victim

88%
EN
In contrast with common belief, in the case of damage events associated with fire a significant portion of victims die not as a result of burn injuries but suffocation. In modern architecture, including hotels, synthetic materials are broadly applied that produce toxic substances when they burn. In addition to toxic substances, the risk of suffocation is also increased by the depletion of oxygen as the fire spreads. Thus, for the successful rescue of the people whose lives are directly or indirectly endangered, their fast evacuation from the scene is of fundamental significance, even by causing material damage.
EN
This article aims at presenting the basic principles of designing steel structures according to Eurocode PN-EN 1993-1-2, i.e. with respect to ensuring the appropriate level of safety for such structures in case of a fire developing into flashover. The load-carrying capacity of a steel structure, serving as an example, was assessed on the basis of a static strain-stress analysis. The analysis was conducted regarding changes in the temperature of structural members, both the exposed and the fireproof protected ones, under fire conditions.
10
75%
The Biblical Annals
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1967
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vol. 14
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issue 1
49-64
PL
L’article comprend essentiellement trois parties: la première présente l’historique de la question depuis le temps des Pères de l’Eglise jusqu’à 1’heure actuelle, avec un accent partieulier sur l’époque récente. L’attention y est concentrée surtout sur les interprétations dont les principales sont: 10 celle de l’explication réciproque, 20 celle de l’opposition réciproque, 30 thèse naturaliste et de l’interpolation, enfin, 40 l’interpolation. L’auteur expose les principaux défauts et lacunes de ces interprétations et attire l’attention sur d’autres textes qu’il faut encore mettre à profit pour être à même de comprendre l’idée du baptême par le Saint Esprit et par le feu. La seconde partie embrasse les idées essentielles découlant de l’analyse des textes de base et d’autres textes liés à ce problème. L’on peut affirmer que l’expression „baptême par l’Esprit Saint et par le feu” a un sens métaphorique. Cette métaphore a deux aspects: celui du labeur, causant les souffrances de l’homme et même sa mort, et celui de la bienveillance et de la générosité de Dieu à l’égard de l’homme. Cette dualité d’aspect apparait dans les textes de l’A. T., dans ceux de Qumrân et dans les écrits apocalyptiques perses, grecs et latins, enfin, dans le N. T. lui-même. Dans ce dernier, 1’aspect peine est exprimé par le baptême par 1’Esprit Saint et le feu, dont il est question dans Mt. 3, 11 et Lc. 3, 16; il ressort aussi de 1’emploi du terme baptême en connexion avec les images du feu et du calice, comme symboles de la souffrance (Mc. 9, 49; 10, 38-39; Lc. 12, 49-50). L’aspect bienveillance divine apparait dans 1’idée du baptême par le Saint Esprit et le feu dont parle Mc. 1, 8; Jean 1, 33; Actes 1, 5; 11, 16. La troisième partie étudie l’évolution de l’idée du baptême par l’Esprit Saint et le feu sous le rapport théologique et sous le rapport littéraire. Au début, c’est 1’action du Messie juge et ôtant tout ce qui est mai qui occupe le premier plan. C’est ainsi que la présente Jean Baptiste dans son enseignement, comme le rapportent Mt. 3, 11 et Lc. 3, 16. Avec le temps, cependant, cette interprétation des paroles du Baptiste recule de plus en plus au second plan à mesure que d’autres caractéristiques de 1’image du Messie reçoivent du relief. Cette nouvelle interprétation est en premier lieu l’oeuvre du Christ: c’est Lui en effet qui, dans un endroit, applique les paroles de Jean à ses propres souffrances et è sa mort et, ailleurs à l’effusion du Saint Esprit au jour de la Pentecôte. Mc. 10, 38 et Lc. 12, 50 sont sans référence directe à Jean Baptiste tandis que Actes 1, 5 et 11, 16 le mentionnent expressément. Enfin, à coup sûr inspirée par l’enseignement du Christ, nous trouvons mise dans la bouche du Précurseur une opposition du baptême avec de 1’eau au baptême chrétien (Mc. 1, 8; Jean 1, 33).
EN
Fire brigades obviously fought with the dangerous elements and natural disasters but moreover, they also had an important functions apart from firefighting. They organized amateur theatre groups, orchestras and amazing choirs. The first fire brigades in „makowski” district were found at the end of XIX century: in Maków Mazowiecki (1881) and in Różan (1895). In makowski district, in the year 1920 of XX century we noticed a great reviving of volunteer fire brigades. Seventeen new fire brigades were found at that time. In 1935 there had already been 37 fire brigades at that area in order to keep security to the community of makowski district.
PL
Straże pożarne obok walki z żywiołem spełniały w swoich środowiskach wiele ważnych i pożytecznych funkcji poza pożarnictwem. Organizowały amatorskie zespoły teatralne, orkiestry i chóry. W powiecie makowskim pierwsze straże pożarne powstały pod koniec XIX wieku w Makowie (1881 r.) i Różanie (1895 r.). W latach 20. XX wieku w powiecie makowskim daje się zauważyć ożywiony rozwój ochotniczych straży pożarnych. W tym czasie powstało 17 nowych straży. W 1935 roku na terenie powiatu makowskiego było już 37 staży pożarnych, które w dostateczny sposób zapewniały bezpieczeństwo społeczeństwu powiatu.
EN
The town hall in small Polish towns from the 15th to the 16th century(Summary) This article attempts to find an answer to the question about the presence and role of town halls in very small and small Polish towns (i.e. in centres with a population of from several hundred to just over one thousand people) in the 15th to 16th centuries. Notes made in the town’s ledgers, which included expenses related to the functioning of the town halls, as well as all other mention of such halls in the town’s books and in surveys were analysed. Based on these meagre sources it is difficult to answer with any certainty the question about when the construction of town halls in small centres began. This phenomenon was visible from at least the mid-15th century, although some of the towns of interest to us already had town halls earlier – in the first half of the 15th century. The town hall was perceived by everyone as being a significant element attesting to the fact that a given centre could be called a town. Although the construction and then the maintenance of this attribute of urban culture required both financial means and organization which often exceeded the abilities of small town communities, the desire to build town halls and the planning of such enterprises are clearly visible. Town halls in smaller towns had reduced functions compared with those in large centres; however, far-reaching analogies can be observed. Apart from a residential function, the town halls in small towns served as archives, sometimes also as prisons, it is where trading was conducted, meetings held, and where information was exchanged.
EN
This paper is devoted to the Stoic concept of ἐκπύρωσις – the conflagration of universe, its development, its position in the Stoic physical system and related ideas such as ἀποκατάστασις (the reconstruction of universe) as well as the Stoic idea of deity. Also, it addresses the issue of mythological and philosophical sources of the concept in question and presents several examples of its influence.
EN
The paper raises the question of grave opening at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Early Iron Age at bi-ritual burial grounds from the area of the so-called Częstochowa-Gliwice subgroup of the Lusatian culture. The author proposes that this phenomenon should be recognized as a ritual action, referring to the structure of the funeral ritual of passage. It would be typical of inhumation burials. The increase in grave opening at the discussed area and period was in connection with migrations of the population.
15
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“Fires were lit inside them”

63%
EN
The language of fire has sometimes been used in illustrative ways to describe how social movements spark, flare, and sometimes sputter out. Building on recent scholarship about protest camps, as well as borrowing language from environmental historians about fire behavior, this article draws from ethnographic research to describe the pyropolitics of the Indigenous-led anti-pipeline movement at Standing Rock-examining how fire was used as analogy and in material ways to support and drive the movement to protect water from industrial capitalism. Describing ceremonial fires, social fires, home fires, cooking fires, and fires lit in protest on the front line, this article details how fire was put to work in myriad ways in order to support the movement against the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), and ensure social order and physical survival at the camps built to house supporters of the movement. This article concludes with descriptions of how these sparks ignited at Standing Rock followed activists home to their own communities, to other struggles that have been taken up to resist pipelines, the contamination of water, and the appropriation of Indigenous land.
16
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"Blisko ognia"

63%
Vox Patrum
|
1984
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vol. 6
268-271
EN
Im kurzen Kommentar zu Logion 82 von Thomasevangeillum von Nag Hammadi wird die gnostische Interpretation vom Feuer mit der Interpretation von Origenes Zusammengestellt.
EN
Hitherto undetected references in Martryium Polycarpi 15,2 to Ex 3,2–5 and Zech 2,9 suggest that the author of the martyrdom wanted to communicate to the reader that in the scene of Polycarp’s burning at the stake we are dealing with an image of theophanic meaning, analogous to the fiery theophanies in the Old Testament.
18
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Mistyczne znaczenie ognia

63%
PL
Ogień jest jednym z żywiołów i zjawisk otaczającego świata, poprzez który Bóg objawia człowiekowi Swą moc. We wszystkich kulturach i religiach stanowi ważne zjawisko, które jest przedmiotem kultu i mistycznego kontaktu z Bogiem. W sposób szczególny przejawia się w chrześcijaństwie i posiada wiele symboli, na co przykłady znajdujemy w licznych cytatach z Pisma Świętego. Jego obecność i znaczenie w chrześcijaństwie podkreśla coroczne zstąpienie Świętego Ognia w Grobie Pańskim w Jerozolimie, które jest symbolem Bożej łaski i życia w Duchu Świętym. Ogień będzie obecny także w czasach ostatecznych, jako przedmiot zagładyświata i potępienia grzeszników. Niewątpliwie ogień jest zatem obecny w każdej rzeczywistości i jako symbol życia i śmierci jest dla człowieka znakiem ostrzegawczym o jego przyszłości i relacjach z Bogiem. Ogień jest mistycznym znakiem kontaktu i jedności człowieka z Bogiem.
EN
In 2009 Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna in Ostrołęka is going to celebrate the 128th anniversary of existence. The organization works in the city and is the oldest social organization in Ostrołęka. This article is an attempt to show the history of the fire team and its founders. It will also describe the organization’s activity from the moment of its establishment until the outbreak of First World War. The article also touches the initial problems of orchestra OSP in Ostrołęka. The author also presents the difficulties with collecting the fire brigade equipment and Polish-Jewish relations at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
PL
W 2009 roku Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna w Ostrołęce świętować będzie 128-lecie powstania. Organizacja ta stanowi najstarsze stowarzyszenie społeczne w Ostrołęce. Artykuł ten jest próbą przedstawienia historii drużyny, jej założycieli oraz pierwszych lat działalności od momentu powstania aż do wybuchu I wojny światowej. Omówiono też początkowe problemy orkiestry OSP Ostrołęka i zaprezentowano trudności w zgromadzeniu sprzętu pożarniczego oraz związane ze stosunkami polsko- żydowskimi w straży pożarnej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku.
20
63%
PL
Ryzyko według inżynierów jest całkowicie możliwe do wyrażenia w kategoriach obliczeniowych. Natomiast wśród społeczeństwa odczuwanie zagrożenia, również jak w przypadku bezpieczeństwa intuicyjne związane z ryzykiem, jest całkowicie subiektywne. Wiąże się to z innym odbieraniem tych samych warunków otoczenia w zależności od wielu czynników geospołecznych, takich jak położenie geograficzne, historia czy rozwój cywilizacyjny danej grupy społecznej. Szczególnym przypadkiem ryzyka jest ryzyko ubezpieczeniowe. Zakłady ubezpieczeniowe, które ubezpieczają dane ryzyko, zdefiniowane jako możliwość wystąpienia pewnej straty, muszą je określić i odpowiednio oszacować. Ryzyko ubezpieczeniowe w literaturze wyrażane jest w różny sposób. Jednak sens definicji zawsze pozostaje ten sam. Ryzyko ubezpieczeniowe oznacza możliwość wystąpienia strat określonej wielkości z określonym prawdopodobieństwem. W polskiej teorii ubezpieczeń, ryzyko pożarowe jest iloczynem prawdopodobnych strat pożarowych i częstotliwości powstawania pożarów w konkretnym obiekcie. W praktyce definicja ta przyjęła się jako tzw. inżynierska definicja ryzyka pożarowego. Ryzyko pożarowe według definicji inżynierskiej będzie więc uzależnione od prawdopodobieństwa wybuchu pożaru i rozmiaru strat przez niego spowodowanych. Ubezpieczenia odgrywają szczególną rolę w dziedzinie rozwoju prewencji, czyli wszelkiej działalności materialnej i niematerialnej, zmierzającej do zmniejszenia szkód losowych poprzez ograniczenie ich rozmiarów oraz zmniejszenia prawdopodobieństwa realizacji ryzyk. Korzyści płynące z tego typu przedsięwzięć, opisywane wielokrotnie, dotyczą zarówno ubezpieczyciela jak i ubezpieczonych.
EN
According to engineers the risk is entirely possible to express in terms of computing. In contrast, the public perception of risk, as well as the case of safety related risks intuitive, it is completely subjective. This is connected with the other receiving the same environmental conditions depending on many factors geo-social, such as geographic location, history and civilization development of a social group. A special case of risk is insurance risk. Insurance companies that insure the risk, defined as the possibility of a loss, must first determine and adequately assess it. Insurance risk is expressed in the literature in different ways. But the sense of the definition always remains the same. Insurance risk is the possibility of loss of a certain size with a certain probability. The Polish insurance theory, the risk of fire is the product of the probable loss of fire and frequency of fires in the formation of a particular object. In practice, this definition is adopted as the so-called. engineering definition of the fire risk. Fire risk according to the definition of engineering will therefore depend on the probability of fire and the size of the losses caused by it. Insurance plays a special role in the development of prevention, that is, any activity material and immaterial, aiming to reduce the chance of damage by limiting their size and reduce the probability of risks. The benefits of this type of projects, described repeatedly, concern both the insurer and the insured.
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