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EN
The identification and estimation of the extent of fiscal illusion in the public finance system seems neces¬sary to ensure the transparency of government activity. A lack of transparency of all the operations using public funds decreases budget revenues, may adversely affect the balance of state budgets or even lead to increasing the fiscal burdens on all taxpayers. Furthermore, making expenditures outside the budget process is related to a lack of control, which is particularly important from the point of view of the efficiency and effectiveness of these expenditures. Tax expenditures, being an equivalent of direct public expenditures, serve as an example of this type of activity undertaken by the government. The lack of effective control of expenditures in this category may constitute an incentive to use these instruments in order to escape from conventional spending, which is considerably more transparent. Tax expenditures enable increasing expenses on public programs even when the government officially attempts to reduce them - all the more so that programs which have been accepted once do not require formal annual approval. In addition, the procedure of introducing them into the tax system is less complicated than in the case of direct expenditures. The study includes an analysis of the relationship between tax expenditures and direct public expenditures, using the example of the United States of America in the years 1999-2015. Data analysis has shown that the rate of growth of tax expenditures was considerably higher than in the case of direct public spending, thus creating the illusion that public finances are more stable than they are in reality.
EN
Tax lawmaking is the most sensitive element of public activity, one that determines the relationship between the citizen and the state, shaping the society’s legal culture. The actions of the public authorities aiming at misleading the taxpayer tend to be increasingly frequent. Whilst facilitating the pushing through of solutions desirable by the government, they lead to erosion of the legal system whose basic aspect is loyalty. The more and more frequent and ostentatious, in the Polish circumstances, elements of infringement of equality and loyalty principles in the tax or fiscal policies are perhaps manifestations of the state’s political crisis. They will lead, faster and faster, to a weakening of the public control and rulership in the tax sphere as well as overall, posing the threat of a deep social crisis. Regrettably, this aspect tends to be neglected in modern states.
PL
Prawotwórstwo podatkowe stanowi najbardziej wrażliwy element aktywności publicznej. Determinuje ono relację obywatela i państwa, , a tym samym kształtuje kulturę prawną sp ołeczeństwa. Ta okoliczność we współczesnych państwach bywa niestety lekceważona. Działania władzy publicznej związane z prowadzeniem polityki podatkowej zmierzające do wprowadzania podatnika w błąd są coraz częstsze. O ile pozwalają one na prostsze przeforsowanie rozwiązań pożądanych przez władze, o tyle prowadzą do erozji systemu prawnego, którego podstawowy aspekt stanowi wzajemna lojalność. Pojawiające się w warunkach polskich coraz częstsze i coraz bardziej ostentacyjne naruszenia zasad równościowych i lojalnościowych opodatkowania mogą stanowić przejaw kryzysu politycznego państwa. Będą one coraz szybciej prowadziły do osłabienia władztwa publicznego tak w sferze podatkowej, jak i sferze ogólnej, co w następstwie grozi głębokim kryzysem społecznym.
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